Abstract
The purpose of the presentation is to interconnect and illuminate certain parts of metabolism regarding stress signalling and defensive functions, including secondary metabolism in intact plants and plant tissue cultures. Increased cell/tissue levels of reactive oxygen species like H2O2, O2 - and ·OH and the metabolism of glutathione, are linked to defensive/secondary metabolism and tissue differentiation. Special attention is paid to nicotinamide. A hypothetical role of nicotinamide and its metabolites as stress signals is also put forward especially in connection with hypomethylation of DNA. A role of DNA hypomethylation, as a link between various types of stressors and the induction of plant devensive metabolism, is discussed. We suggest that nicotinamide or nicotinamide based substances may be of value within biotechnology for the production of valuable substances as well as for plant protection.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BSO:
-
buthionine sulfoximine
- CHS:
-
chalcone synthase
- GSH:
-
reduced glutathione
- GSSG:
-
oxidized glutathione
- INA:
-
isonicotinic acid
- NIC:
-
nicotinamide
- PADPRP:
-
poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase
- PAL:
-
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- SA:
-
salicylic acid
- SAM:
-
S-adenosylmethionine
- SSB:
-
single strand breakage
References
Alscher RG (1989) Biosynthesis and antioxidant function of glutathione in plants. Physiol. Plant. 77: 457–464
Arfmann H-A, Kohl W & Wray V (1985) Effect of 5-azacytidine on the formation of secondary metabolites inCatharanthus cell suspension cultures. Z. Naturforsch. 406: 21–25
Barz W (1985) Metabolism and degradation of nicotinic acid in plant cell cultures. In: Neumann K-H, Barz W & Reinhard E (Eds) Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures (pp 186–195). Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Berggren B & Ohlsson AB (1991) Ultrastructure ofDigitalis lanata tissue cultures. Effect of gibberellic acid and SAN 9789. Protoplasma 161: 58–69
Berglund T (1993) Induction of Defensive and Secondary Metabolism in Plant Tissue Cultures, with Special Reference to Ethylene, Glutathione and Nicotinamide. Doctoral thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, ISBN 91-7170-123-0
Berglund T (1994) Nicotinamide, a missing link in the early stress response in eukaryotic cells: a hypothesis with special reference to oxidative stress in plants. FEBS Lett. 351: 145–149
Berglund T & Ohlsson AB (1993) The glutathione biosynthesis inhibitor buthioninesulfoximine (BSO) induces cardenolide accumulation inDigitalis lanata tissue culture. J. Plant Physiol. 142: 248–250
Berglund T, Ohlsson AB, Rydström J, Jordan B & Strid A (1993a) Effect of nicotinamide on gene expression and glutathione levels in tissue cultures ofPisum sativum. J. Plant Physiol. 142: 676–684
Berglund T, Ohlsson AB & Rydström J (1993b) Nicotinamide increases glutathione and anthocyanin in tissue culture ofCatharanthus roseus. J. Plant Physiol. 141: 596–600
Bhatia K & Smulson ME (1990) Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase gene: Direct or indirect involvement in DNA repair and malignancy? Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 340A (Mutat. Environ Pt.A): 233–240
Brac T & Ebisuzaki K (1987) PolyADP ribosylation and Friend erythroleukemia-cell differentiation: Action of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitors. Differentiation 34: 139–143
Bray L, Chriqui D, Gloux K, Le Rudulier D, Meyer M & Peduzzi J (1991) Betaines and free amino acids in salt stressed vitroplants and winter resting buds ofPopulus trichocarpa x deltoides. Physiol. Plant. 83: 136–143
Brisson L, Charest PM, DeLuca V & Ibrahim RK (1992) Immunocytochemical localization of vindoline in mesophyll protoplasts ofCatharanthus roseus. Phytochemistry 31: 465–470
Bush D S (1993) Regulation of cytosolic calcium in plants. Plant Physiol. 103: 7–13
Cedar H & Razin A (1990) DNA-methylation and development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1049: 1–8
Chen Z, Silva H & Klessig DF (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262: 1883–1886
Cleaver JE & Morgan WF (1991) Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase: a perplexing participant in cellular responses to DNA breakage. Mutation Res. 257: 1–18
Delaney TP, Friedrich L, Kessmann H, Uknes S, Vernooij B, Ward E, Weymann K & Ryals J (1994) The molecular biology of systemic acquired resistance. Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol III, Proc. of the Seventh International Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 26-July 1, 1994
DeLuca V & Kurz WGW (1988) Monoterpene indole alkaloids (Catharanthus alkaloids). In: Vasil IK & Constabel F (Eds) Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol 5 (pp 385–401). Academic Press, Inc., New York
De Murcia G & Mennisier de Murcia J (1994) Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase: a molecular nick-sensor. TIBS 19: 172–176
De Vos CHR, Vonk MJ, Vooijs R & Schat H (1992) Glutathione depletion due to copper-induced phytochelatin synthesis causes oxidative stress inSilene cucubalus. Plant Physiol. 98: 853–858
Earnshaw BA & Johnson MA (1985) The effect of glutathione on development in wild carrot suspension cultures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 133: 988–993
Eckey-Kaltenbach H, Ernst D, Heller W & Sanderman H (1994) Biochemical plant responses to ozone IV. Cross-induction of defensive pathways in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) plants. Plant Physiol. 104: 67–74
Edwards R, Blount JW & Dixon RA (1991) Glutathione and elicitation of the phytoalexin response in legume cell cultures. Planta 184: 403–409
Ehrlich M & Ehrlich KC (1993) Effect of DNA methylation on the binding of vertebrate and plant proteins to DNA. In: JP Jost & HP Saluz (Eds) DNA Methylation: Molecular Biology and Significance. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland
Fasulo MP, Pancaldi S, Bonora A, Bruni A, Dall'Olio G (1991) 5-Azacytidine-removal of the dark repression in plastid development ofEuglena gracilis Klebs. J. Plant Physiol. 137: 723–728
Foyer CH & Halliwell B (1976) The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133: 21–25
Frohnmeyer H, Bowler C, Chua N-H, Schäfer E (1994) Analysis of UV-light dependent signal transduction events in parsley protoplasts and cell-free lysates. 4th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 19–24, 1994. Abstract, no. 972
Galaud J-P, Gaspar T & Boyer N (1993) Inhibition of internode growth due to mechanical stress inBryonia dioica: relationship between changes in DNA methylation and ethylene metabolism. Physiol. Plant. 87: 25–30
Girod P-A & Zryd J-P (1991) Secondary metabolism in cultured red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cells: differential regulation of betaxanthin and betacyanin synthesis. Plant Cell. Org. Cult. 25: 1–12
Guo Z-J & Ohta Y (1993): A synergistic effect of glutathione-depletion and elicitation on the production of 6-methoxymellein in carrot cells. Plant Cell Rep. 12: 617–620
Guo Z-J, Nakagawara S, Sumitani K, Ohta Y (1993) Effect of intracellular glutathione level on the production of 6-methoxymellein in cultured carrot (Daucus carota) cells. Plant Physiol. 102: 45–51
Guseinov VA & Vanyushin BF (1975) Content and localization of 5-methylcytosine in DNA of healthy and wilt-infected cotton plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 395: 229–238
Hadwiger L A & Schwochau ME (1971) Specificity of deoxyribonucleic acid intercalating compounds in the control of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and pisatin levels. Plant Physiol. 47: 346–351
Hadwiger LA, Parsons A & Culley D (1994) DNA targeted elicitation of some pea defense genes, their cellular localization and functional attributes. 4th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 19–24, 1994. Abstract, no. 1724
Hagimori M, Matsumoto T & Obi Y (1982) Studies on the production ofdigitalis cardenolides by plant tissue culture. II. Effect of light and plant growth substances on digitoxin formation by undifferentiated cells and shoot-forming cultures ofDigitalis purpurea L. grown in liquid media. Plant Physiol. 69: 653–656
Harborne JB (1982) Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. Academic Press, London
Heeger V, Leienbach K-W & Barz W (1976) Stoffwechsel von Nicotinsäure in pflanzlichen Zellsuspensionskulturen, III: Bildung und Stoffwechsel von Trigonellin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 357: 1081–1087
Herouart D, Van Montagu M & Inze D (1993) Redox-activated expression of the cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene inNicotiana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 90: 3108–3112
Hoigné J & Bader H (1975) Ozonation of water: role of hydroxyl radicals as oxidizing intermediates. Science 190: 782–784
Jones AM (1994) Surprising signals in plant cells. Science 263: 183–184
Kangasjärvi J, Talvinen J, Utriainen M & Karjalainen R (1994) Plant defence systems induced by ozone. Plant Cell Environ. 17: 783–794
Kapik RH, Earnshaw BA, Carlson JA & Johnson MA (1986) The promotion of somatic embryogenesis by exogenous hydrogen peroxide. In: Somers DA, Gengenbach BG, Biesboer DD, Hacket WP & Green CE (Eds) VI International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, August 3–8, 1986, Minneapolis, Minn., USA (p 410)
Kessmann H, Staub T, Hofmann C, Ahl Goy P, Ward E, Uknes S & Ryals J (1993) Induced disease resistance by isonicotinic acid derivatives. Jap. J. for Pest. Sci. 10: 29–37
Kramer GF, Norman HA, Krizek DT & Mirecki RM (1991) Influence of UV-B radiation on polyamines, lipid peroxidation and membrane lipids in cucumber. Phytochemistry 30: 2101–2108
Kraska T & Schönbeck FJ (1993a) About changes in the chromatin structure after resistance induction inHordeum vulgare L. J. Phytopathol. 137: 10–14
Kraska T & Schönbeck FJ (1993b) Resistance induction in plants by trigonelline and possible mechanisms. E. Tyihak (Ed) Proc. Int. Conf. Role Formaldehyde Biol. Syst, 3rd. Erno. Hung. Biochem. Soc., Budapest Hung., (pp 163–168)
Langebartels C, Heller W, Kerner K, Leonardi S, Rosemann D, Schraudner M, Trost M & Sandermann H Jr (1990) Ozone-induced defense reactions in plants. In: Payer HD, Pfirrmann T & Mathy P (Eds) Environmental research with plants in closed chambers. Air pollution research reports of the European Community 26 (pp 358–368)
Lee HC & Aarhus R (1991) ADP-ribosyl cyclase: an enzyme that cyclizes NAD+ into a calcium-mobilizing metabolite. Cell Reg. 2: 203–209
Luna CM, Gonzalez CA & Trippi VS (1994) Oxidative damage caused by an excess of copper in oat leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 35: 11–15
Maruyama E, Takashima S & Arima M (1992) Nicotinamideinduced activity of alkaline phosphodiesterase I toward tumorderived cultured cells from neurofibromatosis patients. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 48: 69–73
Mhatre NA, Kamat JP, Narurkar LM & Narurkar MV (1983) Regulation of hepatic glutathione S-transferases. Proc. Symp. Cell. Control Mech. 1982, Dep. At. Energy: Bombay, India, 263–272
Mehdy MC (1994) Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol. 105: 467–472
Merrilon J-M, Liu D, Huguet F, Chenieux J-C & Rideau M (1991) Effects of calcium entry blockers and calmodulin inhibitors on cytokinin-enhanced alkaloid accumulation inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 29: 289–296
Nageswara RM & Alscher RG (1991) Metabolic bases for differences in sensitivity of two pea cultivars to sulfur dioxide. Plant Physiol. 97: 88–93
Neill SJ, Lenton JR & Wibberly MS (1994) Differential effects of elicitors on secondary metabolism in hairy root cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22: 383–388
Ngernprasirtsiri J, Kobayashi H & Akazawa T (1988a) DNA methylation occurred around lowly expressed genes of plastid DNA during tomato fruit development. Plant Physiol. 88: 16–20
Ngernprasirtsiri J, Kobayashi H & Akazawa T (1988b) DNA methylation as a mechanism of transcriptional regulation in nonphotosynthetic plastids in plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 4750–4754
Ngernprasirtsiri J, Chollet R, Kobayashi H, Sugiyama T & Akazawa T (1989) DNA methylation and the differential expression of C4 photosynthesis genes in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of greening maize leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 8241–8248
Ohisson AB, Strid Å, Kalbin G, Naaranlahti T, Rydström J & Berglund T (1994) Connections between nicotinamide, trigonelline and defensive/secondary metabolism in plant tissues. Poster abstract, XVII Congress of the Scandinavian Society for Plant Physiology, p. A4. Elsinore, Denmark, 7–12 August 1994
Okkels FT (1988) The role of DNA-methylation in somatic embryogenesis. Poster abstract, 2nd Nordic Symposium on Cell and Tissue Culture (p 47) Elsinore Denmark, 9–10 Sept 1988
Orrenius S & Bellomo G (1989) Glutathione and calcium metabolism. In: Dolphin D, Auramovic O & Poulson R (Eds) Coenzymes and Cofactors; Glutathione B (pp 383–409). John Wiley, NY
Price A H (1990) A possible role for calcium in oxidative plant stress. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 10: 345–349
Price A, Lucas PW & Lea PJ (1990) Age dependent damage and glutathione metabolism in ozone fumigated barley: A leaf section approach. J. Exp. Bot. 41: 1309–1317
Proksch P (1991) Pflanzliche Sekundärstoffe als chemischer Frassschutz gegen herbivore Insekten. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 20: 217–224
Puga A & Nebert DW (1990) Evolution of the P450 gene superfamily and regulation of murine Cyplal gene. Biochem Soc. Trans. 18: 7–10
Rennenberg H (1982) Glutathione metabolism and possible biological roles in the higher plant. Phytochemistry 21: 2771–2781
Rennenberg H & Brunold C (1994) Significance of glutathione metabolism under stress. Progr. Bot. 55: 142–156
Robbins MP, Hartnoll J & Morris P (1991) Phenylpropanoid defence responses in transgenicLotus corniculatus. I. Glutathione elicitation of isoflavan phytoalexins in transformed root cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 10: 59–62
Roustan J-P, Latche A & Fallot J (1989) Effect of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on ethylene production and somatic embryogenesis in carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspensions. Biotechnologies 308: 395–399
Sánchez-Pacheco A & Aranda A (1992) The thyroid hormone response element is required for activation of the growth hormone gene promoter by nicotinamide analogs. FEBS Letters 312: 42–46
Scheel D & Parker JE (1990) Elicitor recognition and signal transduction in plant defense gene activation. Z. Naturforsch. 45c: 569–575
Schoeppner A & Kindl H (1979) Stilbene synthase (pinosylvine synthase) and its induction by ultraviolet light. FEBS Lett. 108: 349–352
Schraufstätter IU, Hinshaw DB, Hyslop PA, Spragg RG & Cochrane CG (1985) Stilbene synthase (pinosylvine synthase) and its induction by ultraviolet light. J. Clin. Invest. 76: 1131–1139
Schraufstätter IU, Hinshaw DB, Hyslop PA, Spragg RG & Cochrane CG (1986) Oxidant injury of cells. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 1312–1320
Schreck R, Rieber P & Baeuerle PA (1991) Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10: 2247–2258
Skidmore CJ, Davies MI, Goodwin PM, Halldorsson H, Lewis PJ, Shall S & Zia'ee A-A (1979) The involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the degradation of NAD caused by γ-radiation and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Eur. J. Biochem. 101: 135–142
Smith IK, Polle A & Rennenberg H (1990) Glutathione. In: Alscher RG & Cumming JR (Eds) Stress responses in Plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms (pp 201–215) Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sorokova VP, Skorobogataya TG, Skorobogataya ZM & Siverskii GK (1989) Effect of nicotinamide on the activitry of the glutathione-glutathione reductase system in subcellular fractions of the regenerating rat liver. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh. 61: 54–59
Strid Å (1993) Increased expression of defence genes inPisum sativum after exposure to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Cell Physiol. 34: 649–653
Strid Å & Zilinskas BA (1994) Altered expression of defence genes as a result of exposure of pea plants to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation. In: Abstracts, 4th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, June 19–24, 1994, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (no. 463)
Taguchi H, Nishitani H, Okumura K, Shimabayashi Y & Iwai K (1989) Biosynthesis and metabolism of NAD inLemna paucicostata 151. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53: 1543–1549
Toguri T, Umemoto N, Osamu K & Ohlani T (1993) Activation of anthocyanin synthesis genes by white light in eggplant hypocotyl tissues, and identification of an inducible P-450 cDNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 23: 933–946
Vandenberghe Y, Tee L, Rogiers V & Yeoh G (1992) Transcriptional- and post-transcriptional-dependent regulation of glutathione S-transferase expression in rat hepatocytes as a function of cell culture conditions. FEBS Lett. 313: 155–159
Vernooij B, Uknes S, Ward E & Ryals J (1994) Salicylic acid as a signal molecule in plants-pathogen interactions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6: 275–279
Vögeli U & Chappell J (1988) Induction of sesquiterpene cyclase and suppression of sqalene synthetase activities in plant cell cultures treated with fungal elicitor. Plant Physiol. 88: 1291–1296
Wann SR, Johnson MA, Noland TL & Carlson JA (1987) Biochemical differences between embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli of conifers. Plant Cell Rep. 6: 39–42
Weis M, Kass GEN, Orrenius S & Moldeus P (1992) N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine induces Ca release from mitochondria by stimulating pyridine nucleotide hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 804–809
Wilson VL & Jones PA (1983) Inhibition of DNA methylation by chemical carcinogensin vitro. Cell 32: 239–246
Wingate VPM, Lawton MA & Lamb CJ (1988) Glutathione causes a massive and selective induction of plant defence genes. Plant Physiol. 87: 206–210
Wolters B & Eilert U (1983) Elicitoren-Auslöser der Akkumulation von Pflanzenstoffen. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 123: 659–667
Yalpani N, Enyedi J, Leon J & Raskin I (1994) Ultraviolet light and ozone stimulate accumulation of salicylic acid, pathogenesis-related proteins and virus resistance in tobacco. Planta 193: 372–376
Yamada T, Hashimoto H, Shiraishi T & Oku H (1989) Suppression of pisatin, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA and chalcone synthase mRNA accumulation by a putative pathogenicity factor from the fungusMycosphaerella pinodes. Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 2: 256–261
Yu LM, Lamb CJ & Dixon RA (1993) Purification and biochemical characterization of proteins which bind to the H-box cis-element implicated in transcriptional activation of plant defense genes. Plant J. 3: 805–816
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berglund, T., Ohlsson, A.B. Defensive and secondary metabolism in plant tissue cultures, with special reference to nicotinamide, glutathione and oxidative stress. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 43, 137–145 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052169
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052169