Abstract
We propose and study a decentralized formation flying control architecture based on the evolutionary robotic technique. We develop our control architecture for the MIT SPHERES robotic platform on board the International Space Station and we show how it is able to achieve micrometre and microradians precision at the path planning level. Our controllers are homogeneous across satellites and do not make use of labels (i.e. all satellites can be exchanged at any time). The evolutionary process is able to produce homogeneous controllers able to plan, with high precision, for the acquisition and maintenance of any triangular formation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Though not strictly an “evolutionary algorithm”, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) belongs to the same general class of metaheuristics, or population-based stochastic search procedures.
References
Ampatzis C, Tuci E, Trianni V, Trianni V, Christensen AL, Dorigo M (2009) Evolving self-assembly in autonomous homogeneous robots: experiments with two physical robots. Artif Life 15(4):465–484. doi:10.1162/artl.2009.Ampatzis.013
Arkin RC (1998) Behavior-based robotics intelligent robotics and autonomous agents series. MIT Press, Cambridge
Ayre M, Pettazzi L, Izzo D (2005) Self-assembly in space using behaviour-based intelligent components. Tech. Rep. SASUBBIC05. European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team, Noordwijk
Badawy A, McInnes CR (2008) On-orbit assembly using superquadric potential fields. J Guid Control Dyn 31(1):30–43. doi:10.2514/1.28865
Balch T, Arkin RC (1998) Behavior-based formation control for multirobot teams. IEEE Trans Robot Autom 14(6):926–939. doi:10.1109/70.736776
Baldassarre G, Nolfi S, Parisi D (2003) Evolving mobile robots able to display collective behaviors. Artif Life 9(3):255–267. doi:10.1162/106454603322392460
Beichman CA, Woolf NJ, Lindensmith CA (eds) (1999) The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF): a NASA origins program to search for habitable planets. JPL Publication 99–003, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., URLhttp://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF/tpf_book
Biscani F, Izzo D, Yam CH (2010) A global optimisation toolbox for massively parallel engineering optimisation. In: 4th international conference on astrodynamics tools and techniques (ICATT 2010), URLhttp://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3824
Blynel J, Floreano D (2003) Exploring the T-Maze: evolving learning-like robot behaviors using CTRNNs. In: applications of evolutionary computing, lecture notes in computer science, vol 2611. Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/3-540-36605-9_54
Bonabeau E, Dorigo M, Theraulaz G (1999) Swarm intelligence: from Natural to Artificial Systems Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity series. Oxford University Press, New York
Cangelosi A, Marocco D, Peniak M, Bentley B, Ampatzis C, Izzo D (2010) Evolution in Robotic Islands. Ariadna Final Report (09/8301), European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team. www.esa.int/act.
Christensen AL, Dorigo M (2006) Evolving an integrated phototaxis and hole-avoidance behavior for a swarm-bot. In: Rocha LM, Yaeger LS, Bedau MA, Floreano D, Goldstone RL, Vespignani A (eds) Artificial Life X: proceedings of the tenth international conference on the simulation and synthesis of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge
Clerc M (2006) Particle swarm optimization. ISTE, London. doi:10.1002/9780470612163
Dachwald B (2005) Optimal solar-sail trajectories for missions to the outer solar system. J Guid Control Dyn 28(6):1187–1193. doi:10.2514/1.13301
Dachwald B (2005) Optimization of very-low-thrust trajectories using evolutionary neurocontrol. Acta Astronaut 57(2–8):175–185. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.004
Dachwald B, Seboldt W (2002) Optimization of interplanetary rendezvous trajectories for solar sailcraft using a neurocontroller. In: AIAA/AAS astrodynamics specialist conference and exhibit, Monterey, CA, USA, AIAA-2002-4989
Ellery A, Scott GP, Husbands P, Gao Y, Vaughan ED, Eckersley S (2005) Bionics & Space Systems Design Case Study 1 - Mars Walker. Tech. Rep. Contract AO/1-4469/03/NL/SFe, European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Fridlund CVM (2000) Darwin—the infrared space interferometry mission. ESA Bullet 103:20–25
Gazi V (2005) Swarm aggregations using artificial potentials and sliding-mode control. IEEE Trans Robot 21(6):1208–1214. doi:10.1109/TRO.2005.853487
Hughes PC (2004) Spacecraft attitude dynamics dover books on aeronautical engineering series. Dover Publications, Mineola
Izzo D, Pettazzi L (2007) Autonomous and distributed motion planning for satellite swarm. J Guid Control Dyn 30(2):449–459. doi:10.2514/1.22736
Izzo D, Pettazzi L, Ayre M (2005) Mission concept for autonomous on orbit assembly of a large reflector in space. In: 56th international astronautical congress, Fukuoka, Japan, Paper IAC-05-D1.4.03
Izzo D, Simões LF, Märtens M, de Croon GCHE, Heritier A, Yam CH (2013) Search for a grand tour of the jupiter galilean moons. In: Blum C (ed) Genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2013). ACM Press, New York, pp 1301–1308. doi:10.1145/2463372.2463524
Kennedy J, Eberhart RC, Shi Y (2001) Swarm intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann Series in Evolutionary Computation, Morgan Kaufmann
Kernbach S (ed) (2013) Handbook of collective robotics: fundamentals and challenges. Pan Stanford Publishing, Singapore
Lipson H (2001) Book review: evolutionary robotics: the biology, intelligence and technology of self-organizing machines by Stefano Nolfi and Dario Floreano. Artif Life 7(4):419–424. doi:10.1162/106454601317297031
Miller D, Saenz-Otero A, Wertz J, Chen A, Berkowski G, Brodel C, Carlson S, Carpenter D, Chen S, Cheng S, Feller D, Jackson S, Pitts B, Perez F, Szuminski J, Sell S (2000) SPHERES: A testbed for long duration satellite formation flying in micro-gravity conditions. In: AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting, Clearwater, FL, USA, Jan. 23–26, 2000, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Series, vol 105, American Astronautical Society, pp 167–179, AAS 00–110
Nolfi S, Floreano D (2000) Evolutionary robotics: the biology, intelligence, and technology of self-organizing machines intelligent robotics and autonomous agents series. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
Pinciroli C, Birattari M, Tuci E, Dorigo M, del Rey Zapatero M, Vinko T, Izzo D (2008) Self-organizing and scalable shape formation for a swarm of pico satellites. In: NASA/ESA conference on adaptive hardware and systems, AHS’08, IEEE, pp 57–61, doi:10.1109/AHS.2008.41
Poli R, Kennedy J, Blackwell T (2007) Particle swarm optimization—an overview. Swarm Intell 1(1):33–57. doi:10.1007/s11721-007-0002-0
Ren W, Beard RW (2004) Decentralized scheme for spacecraft formation flying via the virtual structure approach. J Guid Control Dyn 27(1):73–82. doi:10.2514/1.9287
Shoemake K (1992) Uniform random rotations. In: Kirk D (ed) Graphics gems III, the graphics gems series, vol 3. Academic Press, Newyork, pp 124–132
Simões LF, Cruz C, Ribeiro RA, Correia L, Seidl T, Ampatzis C, Izzo D (2011) Path planning strategies inspired by swarm behaviour of plant root apexes. Ariadna final report (09/6401), European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team. www.esa.int/act
Smith BGR, Saaj CM, Allouis E (2010) Evolving legged robots using biologically inspired optimization strategies. In: IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics (ROBIO 2010), IEEE, pp 1335–1340, doi:10.1109/ROBIO.2010.5723523
Yam CH, Di Lorenzo D, Izzo D (2011) Low-thrust trajectory design as a constrained global optimization problem. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part G J Aerosp Eng 225(11):1243–1251. doi:10.1177/0954410011401686
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Izzo, D., Simões, L.F. & de Croon, G.C.H.E. An evolutionary robotics approach for the distributed control of satellite formations. Evol. Intel. 7, 107–118 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-014-0111-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-014-0111-9