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Goethite Dissolution in the Presence of Phytosiderophores: Rates, Mechanisms, and the Synergistic Effect of Oxalate

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was the elucidation of the chemical mechanism of an important process in iron acquisition by graminaceous plants: the dissolution of iron oxides in the presence of phytosiderophores. We were particularly interested in the effects of diurnal root exudation of phytosiderophores and of the presence of other organic ligands in the rhizosphere of graminaceous plants on the dissolution mechanism.

Phytosiderophores of the type 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) were purified from the root exudates of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tamaro). DMA-promoted dissolution of goethite under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions and its dependence on pH, adsorbed DMA concentration, and the presence of the organic ligand oxalate were studied. We show that dissolution of goethite by phytosiderophores follows a surface controlled ligand promoted dissolution mechanism. We also found that oxalate, an organic ligand commonly found in rhizosphere soils, has a synergistic effect on the steady-state dissolution of goethite by DMA. Under non-steady-state addition of the phytosiderophore, mimicking the diurnal exudation pattern of phytosiderophore release, a fast dissolution of iron is triggered in the presence of oxalate.

To investigate the efficiency of these mechanisms in plant iron acquisition, wheat plants were grown on a substrate amended with goethite as only iron source. The chlorophyll status of these plants was similar to iron-fertilized plants and significantly higher than in plants grown in iron free nutrient solutions. This demonstrates that wheat can efficiently mobilize iron, even from well crystalline goethite that is usually considered unavailable for plant nutrition.

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland

    P.U. Reichard, S.M. Kraemer, S.W. Frazier & R. Kretzschmar

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  1. P.U. Reichard
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  2. S.M. Kraemer
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Correspondence to S.M. Kraemer.

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Reichard, P., Kraemer, S., Frazier, S. et al. Goethite Dissolution in the Presence of Phytosiderophores: Rates, Mechanisms, and the Synergistic Effect of Oxalate. Plant Soil 276, 115–132 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3504-9

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