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Forest management impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) habitat distribution and connectivity in the Carpathians

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Abstract

Context

Distribution and connectivity of suitable habitat for species of conservation concern is critical for effective conservation planning. Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), an umbrella species for biodiversity conservation, is increasingly threatened because of habitat loss and fragmentation.

Objective

We assessed the impact of drastic changes in forest management in the Carpathian Mountains, a major stronghold of capercaillie in Europe, on habitat distribution and connectivity.

Methods

We used field data surveys with a forest disturbance dataset for 1985–2010 to map habitat suitability, and we used graph theory to analyse habitat connectivity.

Results

Climate, topography, forest proportion and fragmentation, and the distance to roads and settlements best identified capercaillie presence. Suitable habitat area was 7510 km2 in 1985; by 2010, clear-cutting had reduced that area by 1110 km2. More suitable habitat was lost inside protected areas (571 km2) than outside (413 km2). Habitat loss of 15 % reduced functional connectivity by 33 % since 1985.

Conclusions

Forest management, particularly large-scale clear-cutting and salvage logging, have substantially diminished and fragmented suitable capercaillie habitat, regardless of the status of forest protection. Consequently, larger areas with suitable habitat are now isolated and many patches are too small to sustain viable populations. Given that protection of capercaillie habitat would benefit many other species, including old-growth specialists and large carnivores, conservation actions to halt the loss of capercaillie habitat is urgently needed. We recommend adopting policies to protect natural forests, limiting large-scale clear-cutting and salvage logging, implementing ecological forestry, and restricting road building to reduce forest fragmentation.

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Acknowledgments

We thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive and helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by Czech Science Foundation project (GACR 15-14840S) and Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague (CIGA No. 20154316). TK gratefully acknowledges support by the Einstein Foundation Berlin.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21, Suchdol, Czech Republic

      Martin Mikoláš, Miroslav Svoboda, Tomáš Hlásny & Robert C. Morrissey

    2. PRALES, Odtrnovie 563, 013 22, Rosina, Slovakia

      Martin Mikoláš

    3. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21, Suchdol, Czech Republic

      Martin Tejkal

    4. Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany

      Tobias Kuemmerle

    5. Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany

      Tobias Kuemmerle, Patrick Griffiths & Pedro J. Leitão

    6. Department of Forest and Landscape Ecology, National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 22, Zvolen, Slovakia

      Tomáš Hlásny

    7. Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA

      Robert C. Morrissey

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    Correspondence to Martin Mikoláš.

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    Martin Mikoláš and Martin Tejkal have contributed equally to this work.

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    Mikoláš, M., Tejkal, M., Kuemmerle, T. et al. Forest management impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) habitat distribution and connectivity in the Carpathians. Landscape Ecol 32, 163–179 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0433-3

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