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Dietary nitrogen and fish welfare

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Abstract

Little research has been done in optimizing the nitrogenous fraction of the fish diets in order to minimize welfare problems. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on how amino acid (AA) metabolism may be affected when fish are under stress and the possible effects on fish welfare when sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations are used to feed fish. In addition, it intends to evaluate the current possibilities, and future prospects, of using improved dietary nitrogen formulations to help fish coping with predictable stressful periods. Both metabolomic and genomic evidence show that stressful husbandry conditions affect AA metabolism in fish and may bring an increase in the requirement of indispensable AA. Supplementation in arginine and leucine, but also eventually in lysine, methionine, threonine and glutamine, may have an important role in enhancing the innate immune system. Tryptophan, as precursor for serotonin, modulates aggressive behaviour and feed intake in fish. Bioactive peptides may bring important advances in immunocompetence, disease control and other aspects of welfare of cultured fish. Fishmeal replacement may reduce immune competence, and the full nutritional potential of plant-protein ingredients is attained only after the removal or inactivation of some antinutritional factors. This review shows that AA metabolism is affected when fish are under stress, and this together with sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations may affect fish welfare. Furthermore, improved dietary nitrogen formulations may help fish coping with predictable stressful events.

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Acknowledgments

This publication benefits from participation of authors in COST action 867 “Welfare of fish in European aquaculture.” LC participated in this review in the framework of project HYDRAA-PTDC/MAR/71685/2006, granted by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, with the support of FEDER. LT is a member of the XRAq and was founded by SGR2009-554 (Generalitat de Catalunya). C. Aragão, B. Costas and C. Martins acknowledge financial support by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal, through grants SFRH/BPD/37197/2007, SFRH/BD/38697/2007 and SFRH/BPD/42015/2007.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Luis E. C. Conceição, Cláudia Aragão, Jorge Dias, Benjamín Costas & Catarina Martins

  2. CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    Benjamín Costas

  3. Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy

    Genciana Terova

  4. Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Catarina Martins

  5. Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain

    Lluis Tort

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  1. Luis E. C. Conceição
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Correspondence to Luis E. C. Conceição.

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Conceição, L.E.C., Aragão, C., Dias, J. et al. Dietary nitrogen and fish welfare. Fish Physiol Biochem 38, 119–141 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9592-y

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