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Historical patterns of niche dynamics in Neotropical species of the Drosophila subgenus (Drosophilidae, Diptera)

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Abstract

Niche conservatism (NC) presence is a controversial question in evolutionary ecology. In Drosophila, little is known about which is the preponderant evolutionary pattern, since the adaptive radiation hypothesis first proposed by Throckmorton assumed niche divergence (ND) according to a niche occupancy scenario. Nevertheless, this hypothesis has not yet been straightforwardly tested. Our aim here was to test the role of NC patterns across evolution of American drosophilids belonging to the tripunctata and virilis-repleta lineages of the Drosophila subgenus, through measures of geographical, abiotic and biotic niche overlap and evaluations regarding the presence of phylogenetic signal or niche identity. We recovered phylogenetic signal attributable to phylogenetic niche conservatism when all species were analyzed together, but not in more restricted groups. Identity tests showed that niche equivalency was seldom rejected for the tripunctata lineage species. So, in general, neither the results for the Drosophila subgenus nor those for the tripunctata lineage support the hypothesis of an adaptive radiation. Notwithstanding, there were also several isolated cases supporting a scenario of ND, and ecological speciation was evident in some of the evaluated sister species pairs.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Daniel A. S. Graichen, Dr. Elgion L. S. Loreto, Dr. Fernando F. Franco, Dr. Francisco C. C. Barreto, Dr. Hermes J. Schmitz, Dra. Juliana Cordeiro and Dra. Vera L. S. Valente for their contributions to the manuscript. We also are grateful to the Brazilian Funding Agency Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support (Universal-CNPq 14/2013, Process Number 471174/2013-0).

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  1. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil

    Stela Machado & Lizandra Jaqueline Robe

  2. Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Mail Box 354, Capão do Leão, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil

    Marco Silva Gottschalk

  3. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 08 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil

    Lizandra Jaqueline Robe

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  1. Stela Machado
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Figure S1.

(A) Phylogenetic relationships presented by 24 of the 25 evaluated species, as modified from the total evidence tree (TET) provided for the Drosophila subgenus by Robe et al (2010a), with clades 12, 22, 32 and 61 enclosed within doted or square checkered rectangles for the tripunctata or virilis-repleta lineage species, respectively. Drosophila roehrae was used in the identity tests but not in the phylogenetic signal analyses, since it was not included in the TET of Robe et al (2010a) – although the nuclear marker amd positioned this species within clade 32. (B) Breeding sites reconstruction based on a compilation of presence/absence data performed for 20 of the Drosophila subgenus species (see references on the main text). Only autapomorphies were included (for a complementation see Fig. 1b within the manuscript). Black squares represent recorded emergence from the resource. Each character presented Consistence (CI) and Retention (RI) indexes of 1.0 and 0.0, respectively. (PNG 1305 kb)

Figure S2.

Interactive map of sampling sites per species [to be opened in Quantum GIS (http://www.qgis.org/en/site/)] (RAR 7256 kb)

Figure S3.

Relative frequencies distribution of pairwise comparisons regarding range overlap, abiotic (measured through Hellinger's I and Schoener’s D statistics) and biotic (measured through Czekanowski’s index) niche overlap values. Vertical bars represent the relative frequency of each overlap value among the set of pairwise comparisons. Arrows depict the values obtained for each of the evaluated sister species pair, (A) D. maculifrons/D. griseolineata, (B) D. mediopunctata/D. unipunctata, (C) D. cuaso/D. paraguayensis, (D) D. bandeirantorum/D. pallidipennis, (E) D. gaucha/D. pavani. (PNG 1150 kb)

Figure S4.

Niche equivalency hypothesis tests for each pair of sister species. Vertical bars represent the null hypothesis distribution of Schoener’s D (blue) and Hellinger’s I (green) statistics, obtained after pooling together the registers of two species and then randomizing them 200 times in order to produce two new samples with the same number of observations as the empirical data. Arrows show empirical D (blue) and I (green) values calculated for each sister species pair. Hypothesis of niche equivalency was rejected if empirical values were significantly lower than expected by chance. (PNG 1029 kb)

Supplementary spreadsheet 1.

Occurrence points used to generate the ENMs for each of the 25 studied species. The total number of points is different from that presented on Table 1 since some registers were grouped in the analysis due to the grid dimensions. (XLSX 98 kb)

Supplementary Tables (XLSX 34 kb)

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Machado, S., Gottschalk, M.S. & Robe, L.J. Historical patterns of niche dynamics in Neotropical species of the Drosophila subgenus (Drosophilidae, Diptera). Evol Ecol 30, 47–67 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-015-9805-4

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