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Evolution of carbon fluxes during initial soil formation along the forefield of Damma glacier, Switzerland

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Abstract

Soil carbon (C) fluxes, soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching were explored along the young Damma glacier forefield chronosequence (7–128 years) over a three-year period. To gain insight into the sources of soil CO2 effluxes, radiocarbon signatures of respired CO2 were measured and a vegetation-clipping experiment was performed. Our results showed a clear increase in soil CO2 effluxes with increasing site age from 9 ± 1 to 160 ± 67 g CO2–C m−2 year−1, which was linked to soil C accumulation and development of vegetation cover. Seasonal variations of soil respiration were mainly driven by temperature; between 62 and 70 % of annual CO2 effluxes were respired during the 4-month long summer season. Sources of soil CO2 effluxes changed along the glacier forefield. For most recently deglaciated sites, radiocarbon-based age estimates indicated ancient C to be the dominant source of soil-respired CO2. At intermediate site age (58–78 years), the contribution of new plant-fixed C via rhizosphere respiration amounted up to 90 %, while with further soil formation, heterotrophically respired C probably from accumulated ‘older’ soil organic carbon (SOC) became increasingly important. In comparison with soil respiration, DOC leaching at 10 cm depth was small, but increased similarly from 0.4 ± 0.02 to 7.4 ± 1.6 g DOC m−2 year−1 over the chronosequence. A strong rise of the ratio of SOC to secondary iron and aluminium oxides strongly suggests that increasing DOC leaching with site age results from a faster increase of the DOC source, SOC, than of the DOC sink, reactive mineral surfaces. Overall, C losses from soil by soil respiration and DOC leaching increased from 9 ± 1 to 70 ± 17 and further to 168 ± 68 g C m−2 year−1 at the <10, 58–78, and 110–128 year old sites. By comparison, total ecosystem C stocks increased from 0.2 to 1.1 and to 3.1 kg C m−2 from the young to intermediate and old sites. Therefore, the ecosystem evolved from a dominance of C accumulation in the initial phase to a high throughput system. We suggest that the relatively strong increase in soil C stocks compared to C fluxes is a characteristic feature of initial soil formation on freshly exposed rocks.

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Acknowledgments

We thank D. Bornhauser, A. Kern, L. Wacker (ETH) M. Gierga (ETH), A. Zürcher, and N. Hajjar (Swiss Federal Institute WSL) for their help in the field and laboratory. Furthermore, special thanks to J. Magnusson (Swiss Federal Institute SLF) for his constructive support in meteorological and hydrological questions regarding the Damma glacier forefield. This study was financially supported by the Competence Center Environment and Sustainability of the ETH domain (CCES, project BigLink), and also supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Bonn) as part of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 38 (SFB/TRR 38).

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  1. R. H. Smittenberg

    Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcher Str.111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

    F. Hagedorn

  2. School of the Environment and Natural Recourses, Bangor University, Bangor, LL 57 2UW, UK

    H. Göransson

  3. Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    R. H. Smittenberg & S. M. Bernasconi

  4. Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, HPK/H27, Schafmattstrasse 20, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland

    K. Guelland & I. Hajdas

  5. Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    K. Guelland & R. Kretzschmar

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Guelland, K., Hagedorn, F., Smittenberg, R.H. et al. Evolution of carbon fluxes during initial soil formation along the forefield of Damma glacier, Switzerland. Biogeochemistry 113, 545–561 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9785-1

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