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Can model species be used to advance the field of invasion ecology?

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Abstract

Hypotheses for explaining plant invasions have focused on a variety of factors that may influence invasion success, including propagule pressure, interactions of the introduced species with the biotic, abiotic, or disturbance properties of the new ecosystem, or the genetic characteristics of the invader itself. Evaluating the relative importance of these factors has been difficult because for most invaders key information about the introduced population or the introduction event is not available. We propose that natural experiments using model species is an important tool to test multiple invasion hypotheses at the same time, providing a complementary approach to meta-analysis and literature review. By focusing on a single candidate species, Pinus contorta, we explore several attributes that we propose constitute a good model, including: (a) intentional and relatively well documented introduction into a wide range of environments and countries across the world during the past century, where invasion success or failure has already occurred, (b) conspicuous growth form that simplifies assessment of growth rates, and comparisons across native and introduced ecosystems around the world, and, (c) documented and replicated variability of introduction intensity, genetic characteristics of the introduced populations, contrasting biotic communities present at sites of introduction, and abiotic conditions within and across introduced ecosystems. We propose that identifying model species with these characteristics will provide opportunities to disentangle the relative importance of different mechanisms hypothesized to influence invasion success, and thereby advance the field of invasion ecology.

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Acknowledgments

MJG was supported by Swedish TC4F program and the Swedish research council FORMAS. DAP was supported by Core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s Science and Innovation Group. AP is funded by Fondecyt 1100792, Conicyt PFB-23 and ICM P05-002. BM was funded by NSF-WildFIRE PIRE, OISE 09667472. The ideas in this manuscript were developed during the Tree Invasions Workshop held in Bariloche, Argentina, September 3–5, 2012. We thank Ian Dickie for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden

    Michael J. Gundale

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Concepcion and Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Barrio Universitario, Santiago, Chile

    Aníbal Pauchard

  3. División Manejo Ecosistémico, Programa Conservación de Flora, Bioforest SA, Camino a Coronel km 15 s/n, Coronel, Chile

    Bárbara Langdon

  4. Landcare Research, 40 Gerald St. Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand

    Duane A. Peltzer

  5. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science, Montana State University, 717 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA

    Bruce D. Maxwell

  6. Lab Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Conicet-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, R8400FRF, Bariloche, Argentina

    Martin A. Nuñez

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  1. Michael J. Gundale
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  2. Aníbal Pauchard
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  3. Bárbara Langdon
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  4. Duane A. Peltzer
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  5. Bruce D. Maxwell
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  6. Martin A. Nuñez
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Correspondence to Michael J. Gundale.

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Gundale, M.J., Pauchard, A., Langdon, B. et al. Can model species be used to advance the field of invasion ecology?. Biol Invasions 16, 591–607 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0610-0

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