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Biological impact of harmaline, ricinine and their combined effects with Bacillus thuringiensis on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

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Abstract

The history of botanical pesticides reveals that their study did mainly focus on the determination of acute median lethal dose or concentration. In the current situation, it is the dire need to understand the sublethal effects of the botanical extracts along with the traditional studies of lethal concentrations in order to comprehensively investigate the future role of the botanical extracts as pesticides. This study reveals the effects of traditionally used medicinal plant extracts harmaline (H) and ricinine (R) either individually or in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the acute toxicity and sublethal effects on the nutrition and enzyme system of Spodoptera exigua. Harmaline and ricinine caused reduction in the growth of neonate larvae up to 93.12 and 84.31%. The EC50 values of harmaline against fourth and fifth instars were 0.24 and 0.27 mg/ml, but these values remained 0.49 and 0.54 mg/ml against fourth and fifth instars after being treated with ricinine. The combination of harmaline and ricinine with Bt resulted in the increased efficiency of these chemicals as the mortality percentages significantly increased up to 96 and 87.82% in significantly less exposure time in case of H + Bt and R + Bt respectively, as compared to individual treatments. The nutritional analysis revealed the increased toxicity of harmaline and ricinine in combination with Bt, but H + Bt2 showed the higher efficiency with minimal relative consumption rate 2.50 mg/mg/day, relative growth rate 1.16 mg/mg/day and efficiency of conversion of ingested food 29.66% of control, respectively. Changes in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalases (CAT) were noticed to some extent over different exposure times at all the treatments. The highest SOD (+37.29%) and CAT (+29.27%) activity was observed at the 6th day of treatment with H + R + Bt2. The study clearly shows the significantly increased efficiency of harmaline and ricinine in combination with Bt against S. exigua. This phenomenon can be helpful in order to develop better control strategies against different notorious pests.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the role of National Science Foundation of People’s Republic of China for funding this work under the grant no. 30671387. The authors also thank the support from Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of P. R. China (FANEDD, NO. 2004061).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, South China Agriculture University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510640, People’s Republic of China

    Muhammad Rizwan-ul-Haq, Qiong Bo Hu, Mei Ying Hu, Qing Shen Lin & Wan Li Zhang

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  1. Muhammad Rizwan-ul-Haq
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Correspondence to Mei Ying Hu.

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Communicated by M. Brownbridge and N. Desneux.

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Rizwan-ul-Haq, M., Hu, Q.B., Hu, M.Y. et al. Biological impact of harmaline, ricinine and their combined effects with Bacillus thuringiensis on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Pest Sci 82, 327–334 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-009-0257-x

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