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Estimating the freshwater-lens thickness of atoll islands in the Federated States of Micronesia

Estimation de l’épaisseur des lentille d’eau douce des îles-atoll des États fédérés de Micronésie

Estimación del espesor de las lentes de agua dulce de las islas atolones en los Estados Federados de Micronesia

对密克罗尼西亚联邦的环礁岛上淡水透镜体厚度的估算

Estimação da espessura da lente de água doce nas ilhas atol dos Estados Federados da Micronésia

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Abstract

The water resources of the 32 atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are under continual threat from El Niño-induced droughts and other natural hazards. With government policies emphasizing sustainable development of atoll-island communities, local managers are in need of tools for predicting changes in the availability of fresh groundwater, which communities depend upon during droughts that incapacitate rain-catchment systems. An application of a recently developed, readily portable algebraic model is demonstrated here, to estimate the freshwater-lens thickness of atoll islands in the FSM, a key component of FSM groundwater resource assessment. Specifically, the model provides estimates of the lens thickness of atoll islands in the FSM during normal and drought conditions. The model was tested for use in the FSM through comparison with available lens data under both average rainfall conditions and intense drought conditions, and then applied to major islands of each atoll within the FSM. Results indicate that out of 105 major islands on FSM atolls, only six would likely retain sufficient groundwater to sustain the local community during an intense drought.

Résumé

Les ressources en eau des 32 atolls des États Fédérés de Micronésie (EFM) sont sous la menace continue des sécheresses et autres catastrophes naturelles dues à El Niño. Avec les politiques gouvernementales insistant sur le développement durable des communautés d’îles-atoll, les gestionnaires locaux ont besoin d’outils pour prévoir les changements de disponibilité de l’eau douce souterraine dont les communautés dépendent en période de sécheresse qui rend inutiles les systèmes de captage de pluie. Pour estimer l’épaisseur des lentilles d’eau d’îles-atoll du FSM, composante clef de l’évaluation de la ressource en eau des EFM, un modèle numérique transférable facile à mettre en œuvre a été récemment développé, il est présentée ici. Le modèle fournit en particulier l’estimations de l’épaisseur des lentilles d’eu douce d’atolls des EFM dans des conditions normales et de sécheresse. Pour une utilisation dans les EFM, le modèle a été testé par comparaison avec les données disponibles sur des lentilles, à la fois dans des conditions pluviométriques moyennes et de sécheresses intenses, puis appliqué aux îles principales de chaque atoll des EFM. Les résultats indiquent que, sur 105 des principales îles des atolls des EFM, vraisemblablement six seulement retiendraient suffisamment d’eau souterraine pour alimenter eau la communauté locale durant une sécheresse intense.

Resumen

Los recursos de agua de 32 atolones de los Estados Federados de Micronesia (FSM) están bajo una continua amenaza de sequías inducidas por El Niño y otros riesgos naturales. Con las políticas del gobierno que enfatizan el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades de las islas atolones, los gestores locales necesitan herramientas para predecir cambios en la disponibilidad de agua dulce, de las cuales dependen las comunidades durante las sequías que se inhabilitan los sistema de captación de la lluvia. Se demuestra que una aplicación recientemente desarrollada de un modelo algebraico fácilmente transportable para estimar los espesores de las lentes de agua dulce de las islas atolones en los FSM, es una componente clave de la evaluación de los recursos de agua subterránea de los FSM. Específicamente, el modelo provee estimaciones del espesor de las lentes de las islas atolones en los FSM durante condiciones normales y de sequía. El modelo fue probado para el uso en los FSM a través de la comparación con datos disponibles de lentes tanto en condiciones de precipitaciones promedio como de sequías intensas, y luego aplicado a las islas principales de cada atolón dentro de los FSM. Los resultados indican que de las 105 islas principales en las islas atolones de los FSM, solo en seis casos probablemente podrían retener suficiente agua subterránea para sostener a la comunidad local durante una intensa sequía.

摘要

密克罗尼西亚联邦(FSM)的32个环礁岛的水资源持续受到厄尔尼诺现象导致的干旱和其它自然灾害的威胁。在强调环礁岛社区可持续发展的政府政策的指导之下,当地的管理人员正在寻求一种可以预测地下淡水可用性的工具,使环礁岛社区可以在降雨汇流系统失效的旱季对其加以利用。本文应用了一种近期建立起来的便携的代数模型,用来估计FSM的环礁岛中淡水透镜体的厚度,这是FSM地下水资源评价的重要组成部分。具体来说,这个模型估计了正常与干旱条件下FSM环礁岛的透镜体厚度。此模型通过在FSM应用而进行检验测试,对比了在平均降雨条件和严重的干旱条件下可用的透镜体数据,然后应用到了FSM的每个环礁岛的主要岛屿。结果表明,在FSM105个主要岛屿中,只有6个可以在严重的干旱条件下为当地的社区提供足够的地下水源。

Resumo

Os recursos hídricos dos 32 atóis dos Estados Federados da Micronésia (EFM) estão sob ameaça contínua das secas induzidas pelo El Niño e outros desastres naturais. Com a ênfase das políticas públicas no desenvolvimento sustentável das comunidades de ilhas-atol os gestores locais têm necessidade de possuir ferramentas para prever as alterações na disponibilidade de água doce subterrânea de que dependem as comunidades durante os períodos de seca que provocam o colapso dos sistemas de captação de água da chuva. Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação de um modelo algébrico recém-desenvolvido, de fácil manuseamento, que permite estimar a espessura da lente da de água doce nas ilhas-atol dos EFM, uma componente crucial para a avaliação dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos dos EFM. Mais especificamente, o modelo fornece estimativas da espessura da lente de água doce nas ilhas-atol no FSM durante condições normais e em eventos de seca. O modelo foi testado para uso nos EFM através de comparação com os dados de lentes de água doce disponíveis para ambas condições médias de precipitação e de seca intensa, sendo posteriormente aplicado nas ilhas principais de cada atol dentro dos EFM. Os resultados indicam que, das 105 principais ilhas em atóis dos EFM apenas seis poderão provavelmente reter água subterrânea suficiente para sustentar a comunidade local durante uma seca intensa.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this project was provided by the Department of Interior via the Water Resources Research Institute Program of the USGS (Award No. 01HQPA0010), administered through the Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific at the University of Guam. The content of this article does not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Department of the Interior. We thank Stephen Anthony and Todd Presley of the USGS Pacific Islands Water Science Center for assistance in analyzing field data. We also would like to acknowledge three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions in improving the content of this paper.

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Appendix

Appendix

Tables  3, 4, and 5 contain parameter values of the algebraic model applied to the atoll islands within Yap, Chuuk, and Pohnpei States of the FSM, respectively, for both average rainfall and drought conditions.

Table 3 Z MAX calculations for atoll islands within Yap State, FSM. In the first column, individual islands belonging to an atoll are designated using letters, beginning with the letter A and continuing in alphabetical order for each atoll. For detailed maps showing the locations of each island of each atoll, please contact the corresponding author
Table 4 Z MAX calculations for atoll islands within Chuuk State, FSM. In the first column, individual islands belonging to an atoll are designated using letters, beginning with the letter A and continuing in alphabetical order for each atoll. For detailed maps showing the locations of each island of each atoll, please contact the corresponding author
Table 5 Z MAX calculations for atoll islands within Pohnpei State, FSM. In the first column , individual islands belonging to an atoll are designated using letters, beginning with the letter A and continuing in alphabetical order for each atoll. For detailed maps showing the locations of each island of each atoll, please contact the corresponding author

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Bailey, R.T., Jenson, J.W. & Taboroši, D. Estimating the freshwater-lens thickness of atoll islands in the Federated States of Micronesia. Hydrogeol J 21, 441–457 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0923-6

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