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In vitro post-stenotic flow quantification and validation using echo particle image velocimetry (Echo PIV)

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Abstract

Echo particle image velocimetry (Echo PIV) presents itself as an attractive in vivo flow quantification technique to traditional approaches. Promising results have been acquired; however, limited quantification and validation is available for post-stenotic flows. We focus here on the comprehensive evaluation of in vitro downstream stenotic flow quantified by Echo PIV and validated in relation to digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). A Newtonian blood analog was circulated through a closed flow loop and quantified immediately downstream of a 50 % axisymmetric blockage at two Reynolds numbers (Re) using time-averaged Echo PIV and DPIV. Centerline velocities were in good agreement at all Re; however, Echo PIV measurements presented with elevated standard deviation (SD) at all measurements points. SD was improved using increased line density (LD); however, frame rate or field of view (FOV) is compromised. Radial velocity profiles showed close agreement with DPIV with the largest disparity in the shear layer and near-wall recirculation. Downstream recirculation zones were resolved by Echo PIV at both Re; however, magnitude and spatial coverage was reduced compared to DPIV that coincided with reduced contrast agent penetration beyond the shear layer. Our findings support the use of increased LD at a cost to FOV and highlight reduced microbubble penetration beyond the shear layer. High local SD at near-wall measurements suggests that further refinement is required before proceeding to in vivo quantification studies of wall shear stress in complex flow environments.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge funding provided by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC, Grant Number: 261969-2010). We also wish to thank the Department of Anesthesia at the University of Calgary for providing Definity® echo contrast.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Andrew M. Walker & David E. Rival

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada

    Joel Scott & Clifton R. Johnston

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  1. Andrew M. Walker
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Correspondence to Andrew M. Walker.

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Walker, A.M., Scott, J., Rival, D.E. et al. In vitro post-stenotic flow quantification and validation using echo particle image velocimetry (Echo PIV). Exp Fluids 55, 1821 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1821-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1821-6

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