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Intratumoral interferon-gamma increases chemokine production but fails to increase T cell infiltration of human melanoma metastases

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Abstract

Introduction

Optimal approaches to induce T cell infiltration of tumors are not known. Chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 support effector T cell recruitment and may be induced by IFN. This study tests the hypothesis that intratumoral administration of IFNγ will induce CXCL9–11 and will induce T cell recruitment and anti-tumor immune signatures in melanoma metastases.

Patients and methods

Nine eligible patients were immunized with a vaccine comprised of 12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides and received IFNγ intratumorally. Effects on the tumor microenvironment were evaluated in sequential tumor biopsies. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. T cell responses to vaccination were assessed in PBMC by IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for immune cell infiltration, chemokine protein expression, and gene expression.

Results

Vaccination and intratumoral administration of IFNγ were well tolerated. Circulating T cell responses to vaccine were detected in six of nine patients. IFNγ increased production of chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 in patient tumors. Neither vaccination alone, nor the addition of IFNγ promoted immune cell infiltration or induced anti-tumor immune gene signatures.

Conclusion

The melanoma vaccine induced circulating T cell responses, but it failed to infiltrate metastases, thus highlighting the need for combination strategies to support T cell infiltration. A single intratumoral injection of IFNγ induced T cell-attracting chemokines; however, it also induced secondary immune regulation that may paradoxically limit immune infiltration and effector functions. Alternate dosing strategies or additional combinatorial treatments may be needed to promote trafficking and retention of tumor-reactive T cells in melanoma metastases.

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Abbreviations

12MP:

12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides

AEs:

Adverse events

CALCRL:

Calcitonin receptor-like

CCL:

C–C motif chemokine ligand (applies to CCL5, CCL21, CCL22)

CCR5:

C–C motif chemokine receptor 5

CEF peptides:

Pool of 32 peptides from CMV, Epstein–Barr virus, and influenza proteins

CV:

Coefficient of variation

CXCL:

C–X–C motif chemokine ligand (applies to CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11)

CXCR3:

Chemokine (C–X–C motif) receptor 3

FABP4:

Fatty acid-binding protein 4

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

mcg:

Micrograms

MIR125B1:

MicroRNA 125b-1

NCI:

National Cancer Institute

RNU6-620P:

RNA, U6 small nuclear 620, pseudogene

SECTM1:

Secreted and transmembrane protein 1

Th1:

T helper, type 1

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Robert M. Strieter for guidance and clinical trial design; Caroline Reed, Thomas J. Perekslis, and the University of Virginia Biorepository and Tissue Research Facility for technical assistance with assays; the Geisel School of Medicine’s Immune Monitoring and Flow Cytometry Shared Resource (DartLab) for assistance with multiplex protein assays; Joseph Obeid for assistance with software for data presentation; and Dr. Stefan Bekiranov for advising on gene array analysis. We appreciate the work of Patrice Neese and Carmel Nail for administering vaccines and for recording and managing toxicities. Appreciation also goes to clinical research coordinators Kristy Scott and Emily Allred.

Funding

Support for this work was provided by the University of Virginia Cancer Center Support Grant (National Institutes of Health/NCI P30 CA44579: Clinical Trials Office, Biorepository and Tissue Research Facility, Flow Cytometry Core, Biomolecular Core Facility, and pilot projects funding). Additional philanthropic support was provided by George and Linda Suddock and by Alice and Bill Goodwin and the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research. Support was also provided by the Rebecca Clary Harris Fellowship (Ileana S. Mauldin), the University of Virginia Cancer Training Grant T32 CA009109 (Ileana S. Mauldin), a Melanoma Research Alliance Young Investigator Award (David W. Mullins), National Institutes of Health/NCI R01 CA134799 (David W. Mullins), and National Institutes of Health/NCI K25 CA181638 (Nolan A. Wages).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Jordan Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    Ileana S. Mauldin, Anne M. Stowman, Walter C. Olson, Donna H. Deacon, Kelly T. Smith, Nadedja V. Galeassi, Kimberly A. Chianese‐Bullock, Lynn T. Dengel & Craig L. Slingluff Jr.

  2. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Nolan A. Wages, Mark E. Smolkin & Gina R. Petroni

  3. Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar

    Ena Wang & Francesco M. Marincola

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA

    David W. Mullins

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  1. Ileana S. Mauldin
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  2. Nolan A. Wages
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  9. Nadedja V. Galeassi
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  15. Craig L. Slingluff Jr.
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Correspondence to Craig L. Slingluff Jr..

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Conflict of interest

Craig Slingluff is an inventor of several peptides included in the vaccine that was administered during the clinical trials studied within this paper. The University of Virginia Licensing and Ventures Group holds the patents for those peptides, which have been licensed through the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research to GlaxoSmithKline. He also has relationships with several commercial interests related to this work, including Immatics (member, Scientific Advisory Board), Polynoma (principal investigator for MAVIS cancer vaccine trial), GlaxoSmithKline (recipient of grant support for a clinical trial), but funds from those relationships go to the University of Virginia, and not to Dr. Slingluff personally. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose or competing interests in association with this study.

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Mauldin, I.S., Wages, N.A., Stowman, A.M. et al. Intratumoral interferon-gamma increases chemokine production but fails to increase T cell infiltration of human melanoma metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 65, 1189–1199 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-016-1881-y

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