Abstract
Seventy-nine young, healthy adults were led through static balance and weight-shifting activities in order to study the effects of visual feedback on balance. Based on their performance, the relative effects of various feedback properties were analyzed: (1) arrangement [direct center of pressure (CoP) vs. lateral weight distribution feedback], (2) numbers (presence vs. absence of numeric feedback), and (3) dimensionality (1D vs. 2D CoP information). In the static balance activity, subjects were instructed to maintain equal weight across both feet; in the dynamic weight-shifting activity, subjects were instructed to shift their weight to each displayed target location. For static balance, lateral symmetry and sway were measured by classical parameters using CoP, center of gravity (CoG), and the difference between the two (CoP–CoG). Weight-shifting balance performance was measured using the time required to shift between target CoP positions. Results indicated that feedback arrangement had a significant effect on static sway and dynamic weight shifting, with direct CoP feedback resulting in better balance performance than lateral weight distribution. Also, numbers had a significant effect on static sway, reducing lateral sway compared to feedback without numbers. Finally, 2D CoP feedback resulted in faster performance than 1D CoP feedback in dynamic weight shifting. These results show that altering different properties of visual feedback can have significant effects on resulting balance performance; therefore, proper selection of visual feedback strategy needs to take these effects into consideration.
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Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. IIS-1117706. Many thanks to Leilani Aldridge, Austin Atherton, Kathryn Elliot, Angela Ferreira, Allison Jeter, Brittany Jones, Mitchell Kajzer, Francis Kamen, Kalyn McGinnis, Brendan O’Shea, Jamie Segerson, Stephanie Sonnick, Gerald Wilson, and Julaine Zenk for their assistance with data collection. Thanks also to Professor Fang Liu from the University of Notre Dame’s Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics for providing statistical consultation on the analysis of the study data.
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Kennedy, M.W., Crowell, C.R., Striegel, A.D. et al. Relative efficacy of various strategies for visual feedback in standing balance activities. Exp Brain Res 230, 117–125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3634-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3634-x