Skip to main content
Log in

Empathy online

  • Published:
Virtual Reality Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Members of online support communities help each other by empathising about common problems and exchanging information about symptoms and treatments. Results from two studies indicate that: empathy occurs in most online textual communities; empathetic communication is influenced by the topic being discussed; the presence of women tends to encourage empathy; and the presence of moderators not only reduces hostility but also appears to encourage empathy. The paper explores how empathy may be affected by pace of interaction, mode of expression and the way people reveal themselves in synchronous and asynchronous communities. As we advance towards technically better computer virtual environments, it is timely to pay greater attention to social issues such as empathetic communication.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ickes WE. Empathetic accuracy. Guildford Press, New York, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  2. King SA. Analysis of electronic support groups for recovering addicts. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: an Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 1994; 2(3):47–56

    Google Scholar 

  3. Preece J. Empathetic communities: balancing emotional and factual communication. Interacting with Computers: the Interdisciplinary Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 1999; in press

  4. Turkle S. Life on the screen: identity in the age of the Internet. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  5. Picard RW. Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997

    Google Scholar 

  6. Klien JT. Computer response to user frustration. Masters Thesis, MIT Program in Arts and Sciences of the MIT School of Architecture and Planning, 1999

  7. Levenson RW, Ruef AM. Empathy: a psychological substrate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992; 63(2):234–246

    Google Scholar 

  8. Comfort A. Reality and empathy: physics mind and science in the 21st century. State University of New York Press, Albany, N.Y., 1984

    Google Scholar 

  9. Etchegoyen RH. The fundamentals of psychoanalytic technique. Karnac Books, London, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hodges SD, Wegner DM. Automatic and controlled empathy. In: Empathetic accuracy. Ickes W ed. Guildford Press, New York, 1997; 311–339

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rheingold H. The virtual community. Addison-Welsey, Reading, Mass., 1993

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sproull L, Kiesler S. Connections: new ways of working in the networked organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1991

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ackerman MS, Palen L. The Zephyr help instance: promoting ongoing activity in a CSCW system. In: Proceedings of CHI'96. ACM, New York, 1996; 268–275

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hiltz R. The virtual classroom: learning without limits via computer networks. Ablex Publishing, Norwood, N.J., 1993

    Google Scholar 

  15. Earls J. Social integration by people with physical disabilities: The development of an information technology model based on personal growth and achievement. PhD thesis. The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schoch NA, White MD. A study of the communication patterns of participants in consumer health electronic discussion groups. In: Proceedings of the 60th ASIS Annual Meeting. Information Today 1997; 34: 280–292

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pitkow J, Kehoe C. Emerging trends in the WWW population. Communications of the ACM 1996; 39(6): 106–110

    Google Scholar 

  18. Worth ER, Patrick TB. Do electronic mail discussion lists act as virtual colleagues. AMIA 1997; 325–329

  19. Robson C. Real world research. Blackwell, Oxford, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hall JA. Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin 1978; 85:845–857

    Google Scholar 

  21. Tannen D. Talking from 9 to 5. Morrow, New York, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  22. Preece J, Ghozati K. In search of empathy online: a review of 100 online communities. In: Proceedings of the 1998 Association for Information Systems Americas Conference. 1998; 92–94

  23. Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Schaller M, Miller PA, Sympathy and personal distress: development, gender differences and interrelations of indexes. In: Empathy and related emotional responses. Eisenberg N ed. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lanzetta JT, Englis BG. Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observer's vicarious emotional responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989; 56:543–544

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tetzlaff L. Consumer informatics in chronic illness, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1997; 4:285–299

    Google Scholar 

  26. Turner CF, Lessler JT, Devore JW. Effects of mode of administration and wording on reporting of drug use. In: Survey measurement of drug use: methodological studies. Turner CF, Lessler JT, Gfroerer JC eds. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Md., 1992:177–220

    Google Scholar 

  27. Herring S. Gender and participation in computer-mediated linguistic discourse. ERIC Clearing House on Languages and Linguistics, 1992 (October)

  28. Reid EM. Electronic chat: social issues on Internet relay chat. Media Information Australia 1993; 67: 62–70

    Google Scholar 

  29. Reid EM. Communication and community on Internet relay chat: constructing communities. In: High noon on the electronic frontier: conceptual issues in cyberspace. Ludlow P ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996:397–411

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ramsay J, Barabesi A, Preece J. Informal communication is about sharing objects and media. Interacting with Computers: the Interdisciplinary Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 1996; 8(3): 277–283

    Google Scholar 

  31. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence. Bantam, New York, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sellen AJ. Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology, Human-Computer Interaction 1994; 10(4):401–444

    Google Scholar 

  33. Whittaker S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1995; 42:501–529

    Google Scholar 

  34. Isaacs E, Tang J. What video can and cannot do for collaboration: a case study. Multimedia Systems 1994; 2:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hindmarsh J, Fraser M, Heath C, Benford S, Greenhalgh C. Fragmented interaction: establishing mutual orientation in virtual environments. In: Proceedings of ACM 1998 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1998: 217–226

  36. Curtis P. Mudding: social phenomena in text-based virtual realities. In: Culture of the Internet. Kiesler S ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J., 1997; 121–142

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gaines BR, Chen LL, Shaw ML. Modeling the human factors of scholarly communities supported through the Internet and World Wide Web. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 1997; 48(11):965–1003

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Preece.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Preece, J. Empathy online. Virtual Reality 4, 74–84 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01434996

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01434996

Keywords

Navigation