Skip to main content
Log in

A Social-Cognitive Model of Driver Aggression: Taking Situations and Individual Differences into Account

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aggressive driving is a phenomenon that has taken on tremendous significance in society. While the issue has been studied from perspectives of several disciplines, relatively few comprehensive empirical investigations have been conducted. This may be due, at least in part, to a scarcity of comprehensive theoretical works in the field, from which methodical research hypotheses could be derived. This paper reviews major extant theories of general aggression to offer a rationale for choosing a particular framework to apply to the topic of aggressive driving. The social-cognitive model of aggressive driving is recommended, as it takes into account wide-ranging cognitive, situational, and dispositional factors. Implications for future research are also considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (1997). External validity of “trivial” experiments: the case of laboratory aggression. Review of General Psychology, 1, 19–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J., Kilpatrick, G., & Bramwell, R. (1995). Comparison of two aggression inventories. Aggressive Behavior, 21, 371–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, E. (1999). The social animal (8th ed.). Freeman and Company: Worth Publishers/W.H.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prenitice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of aggression. Journal of Communication, 28, 12–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. A., Neuman, J. H., & Geddes, D. (1999). Social and personal determinants of workplace aggression: evidence for the impact of perceived injustice and the Type A behavior pattern. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 281–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, K. D., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2005). The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. Lancet, 365, 702–710.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catipovic-Veselica, K. (2003). Bortner type a scores and basic emotions: aggression, distrustful, depression, and gregarious. Psychological Reports, 93, 132–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, K. A., Treboux, D., O’Leary, K. D., & Strassberg, Z. (1998). Specificity of dating aggression and its justification among high-risk adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 467–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Influence: Science and practice (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology vol. 2 (4th ed., pp. 151–192). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, K., & Bell, R. (1997). Personality and aggression: the dissipation-rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 751–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G., Peterson, C. S., & Richards, H. (1999). Anger as a predictor of aggression among incarcerated adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 108–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deselms, J. L., & Altman, J. D. (2003). Immediate and prolonged effects of videogame violence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1553–1563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, P. G. (1995). Prejudice and out-group perception. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social psychology (pp. 467–524). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, J. M., Jarman, B. J., & Yankeelov, P. A. (1994). Effects of a person’s history of aggression on attributions of affect to aggressors. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 685–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dula, C. S., & Ballard, M. E. (2003). Development and evaluation of a measure of dangerous, aggressive, negative emotional, and risky driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 263–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dula, C. S., & Geller, E. S. (2004). Risky, aggressive, or emotional driving: addressing the need for consistent communication in research. Journal of Safety Research.

  • Dykeman, C., Daehlin, W., Doyle, S., & Flamer, H. (1996). Psychological predictors of school-based violence: implications for school counselors. School Counselor, 44, 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison-Potter, P., Bell, P., & Deffenbacher, J. (2001). The effects of trait driving anger, anonymity, and aggressive stimuli on aggressive driving behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 431–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epps, J., & Kendall, P. C. (1995). Hostile attributional bias in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 159–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eron, L. D. (1994). Theories of aggression: From drives to cognitions. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 3–10). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faunce, G. J., Mapledoram, P. K., & Soames Job, R. F. (2004). Type A behaviour pattern and attentional bias in relation to anger/hostility, achievement, and failure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1975–1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felson, R. B. (2000). A social psychological approach to interpersonal aggression. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Aggression and violence: An introductory text (pp. 9–22). Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsten, G., & Hill, V. (1999). Aggression questionnaire hostility scale predicts anger in response to mistreatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 87–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T. (1995). Social cognition. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social psychology (pp. 149–193). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geen, R. G. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, vol. 2 (4th ed., pp. 317–356). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geen, R. G., & O’Neal, E. C. (Eds.). (1976). Perspectives on aggression. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, M. J. (1999). A victimization survey of female-perpetrated assaults in the United Kingdom. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gladue, B. A. (1991). Aggressive behavioral characteristics, hormones, and sexual orientation in men and women. Aggressive Behavior, 17, 313–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. B. (1994). Gender of a subject and target as mediators of aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 453–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R., & Miller, L. S. (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 153–186). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, L., & Nahl, D. (2000). Road rage and aggressive driving: Steering clear of highway warfare. Amherst: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joint, M. (1995). Road rage. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Retrieved May 23, 2003, from http://www.aaafoundation.org/resources/index.cfm?button=agdrtext

  • Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Alter, S. (2006). Mood adjustment to social situations through mass media use: how men ruminate and women dissipate angry moods. Human Communication Research, 32, 58–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Stradling, S. (1998). Dimensions of driver anger, aggressive, and highway code violations and their mediation by safety orientation in UK drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 1, 107–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonero, L. P. (2000). A preliminary heuristic model of aggressive behaviour in drivers. Aggressive Driving Issues Conference. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.aggressive.drivers.com/papers/lonero/lonero-paper.html.

  • Lowenstein, L. F. (1997). Research into causes and manifestations of aggression in car driving. Police Journal, 70, 263–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, D. E., & Johnson, G. L. (2003). Aggressive driving behaviors: are there psychological and attitudinal predictors? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6, 147–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Safety Council. (2010). Understanding the distracted brain: Why driving while using hands-free cell phones is risky behavior. White Paper. Retrieved May 30, 2011, from http://www.nsc.org/safety_road/Distracted_Driving/Pages/CognitiveDistraction.aspx.

  • O’Laughlin, S., & Schill, T. (1994). The relationship between self-monitored aggression and the MMPI-2F, 4, 9 composite and anger content scale scores. Psychological Reports, 74, 733–734.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K. (1999). Gender differences in young adolescents’ experiences of peer victimization: social and physical aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 242–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A. R., & Baldwin, D. A. (2000). Further evidence of associations of Type A personality scores and driving-related attitudes and behaviors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 147–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., & Wood, P. B. (1994). Self-report study of impulsive and delinquent behavior in college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 295–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathbone, D. B., & Huckabee, J. C. (1999). Controlling road rage: A literature review and pilot study. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Retrieved July 17, 2003, from http://www.aaafoundation.org/resources/index.cfm?button=roadrage.

  • Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: to thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 209–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinar, D. (1998). Aggressive driving: the contribution of the drivers and the situation. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 1, 137–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shmotkin, D. (2005). Happiness in the face of adversity: reformulating the dynamic and modular bases of subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 9, 291–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, W. B. (1987). Identity negotiation: where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1038–1051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, W. B. (1990). To be adored or to be known? The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, vol. 2 (pp. 408–448). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasca, L. (2000). A review of the literature on aggressive driving research. Aggressive Driving Issues Conference. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.aggressive.drivers.com/papers/tasca/tasca-paper.html.

  • Volavka, J. (1999). The neurobiology of violence: an update. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11, 307–314.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willemsen, J., Dula, C. S., Declercq, F., & Verhaeghe, P. (2008). The dula dangerous driving index: An investigation of reliability and validity across cultures. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40(2), 798–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmot, W. W., & Hocker, J. L. (1998). Interpersonal conflict (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zainuddin, R., & Taluja, H. (1990). Aggression and locus of control among undergraduate students. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 6, 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chris S. Dula.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dula, C.S., Geller, E.S. & Chumney, F.L. A Social-Cognitive Model of Driver Aggression: Taking Situations and Individual Differences into Account. Curr Psychol 30, 324–334 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9120-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9120-3

Keywords

Navigation