Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Treatments for food allergy: how close are we?

  • Immunology at Mount Sinai
  • Published:
Immunologic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Food allergy continues to be a challenging health problem, with prevalence continuing to increase and anaphylaxis still an unpredictable possibility. While improvements in diagnosis are more accurately identifying affected individuals, treatment options remain limited. The cornerstone of treatment relies on strict avoidance of the offending allergens and education regarding management of allergic reactions. Despite vigilance in avoidance, accidental ingestions and reactions continue to occur. With recent advances in the understanding of humoral and cellular immune responses in food allergy and mechanisms of tolerance, several therapeutic strategies for food allergies are currently being investigated with the hopes of providing a cure or long-term remission from food allergy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, Smith B, Kumar R, Pongracic J, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Liu AH, Jaramillo R, Sicherer SH, Wood RA, Bock SA, Burks AW, et al. National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(798–806):e13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Branum AM, Lukacs SL. Food allergy among children in the United States. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1549–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen BL, Noone S, Munoz-Furlong A, Sicherer SH. Development of a questionnaire to measure quality of life in families with a child with food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1159–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:191–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Further fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001–2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1016–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pumphrey RSH, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to foods in the United Kingdom, 1999–2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1018–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:380–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Freeman J. “Rush” inoculation. Lancet. 1930;1:744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Oppenheimer JJ, Nelson HS, Bock SA, Christensen F, Leung DYM. Treatment of peanut allergy with rush immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:256–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nelson HS, Lahr J, Rule R, Bock A, Leung D. Treatment of anaphylactic sensitivity to peanuts by immunotherapy with injections of aqueous peanut extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(6 Pt 1):744–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bullock RJ, Barnett D, Howden ME. Immunologic and clinical responses to parenteral immunotherapy in peanut anaphylaxis—a study using IgE and IgG4 immunoblot monitoring. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2005;33:250–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nucera E, Schiavino D, D’Ambrosio C, Stabile A, Rumi C, Gasbarrini G. Immunological aspects of oral desensitization in food allergy. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45:637–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Morisset M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Guenard L, Cuny JM, Frentz P, Hatahet R. Oral desensitization in children with milk and egg allergies obtains recovery in a significant proportion of cases. A randomized study in 60 children with cow’s milk allergy and 90 children with egg allergy. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2007;39:12–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Staden U, Rolnick-Werninghaus C, Brewe F, Wahn U, Niggemann B, Beyer K. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergy in children: efficacy and clinical patterns of reaction. Allergy. 2007;62:1261–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Skripak JM, Nash SD, Rowley H, Brereton NH, Oh S, Hamilton RG, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of milk oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:1154–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Narisety SD, Skripak JM, Steele P, Hamilton RG, Matsui EC, Burks AW, et al. Open-label maintenance after milk oral immunotherapy for IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:610–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Longo G, Barbi E, Berti I, Meneghetti R, Pittalis A, Ronfani L, et al. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with very severe cow’s milk-induced reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:343–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Staden U, Blumchen K, Blankenstein N, Dannenberg N, Ulbricht H, Dobberstein K, et al. Rush oral immunotherapy in children with persistent cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:418–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pajno GB, Caminiti L, Ruggeri P, De Luca R, Vita D, La Rosa M, et al. Oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy with weekly up-dosing regimen: a randomized single-blind controlled study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:376–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Buchanan AD, Green TD, Jones SM, Scurlock AM, Christie L, Althage KA, et al. Egg oral immunotherapy in nonanaphylactic children with egg allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:199–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Vickery BP, Pons L, Kulis M, Steele P, Jones SM, Burks AW. Individualized IgE-based dosing of egg oral immunotherapy and the development of tolerance. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:444–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clark AT, Islam S, King Y, Deighton J, Anagnostou K, Ewan PW. Successful oral tolerance induction in severe peanut allergy. Allergy. 2009;64:1218–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jones SM, Pons L, Roberst JL, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kulis M, et al. Clinical efficacy and immune regulation with peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:292–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Varshney P, Steele PH, Vickery BP, Bird JA, Thyagarajan A, Scurlock AM, et al. Adverse reactions during peanut oral immunotherapy home dosing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:1351–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Blumchen K, Ulbricht H, Staden U, Dobberstein K, Beschorner J, de Oliveira LC, et al. Oral peanut immunotherapy in children with peanut anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:83–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Varshney P, Jones SM, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kemper A, Steele P, et al. A randomized controlled study of peanut oral immunotherapy: clinical desensitization and modulation of the allergic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:654–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bloom KA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Wanich N, et al. Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:342–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lemon-Mulé H, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Immunologic changes in children with egg allergy ingesting extensively heated egg. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(977–983):e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jarvinen KM, Beyer K, Vila L, Chatchatee P, Busse PJ, Sampson HA. B-cell epitopes as a screening instrument for persistent cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:293–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jarvinen KM, Beyer K, Vila L, Bardina L, Mishoe M, Sampson HA. Specificity of IgE antibodies to sequential epitopes of hen’s egg ovomucoid as a marker for persistence of egg allergy. Allergy. 2007;62:758–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang J, Lin J, Bardina L, Goldis M, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Shreffler WG, et al. Correlation of IgE/IgG4 milk epitopes and affinity of milk-specific IgE antibodies with different phenotypes of clinical milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:695–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim JS, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Sicherer SH, Noone S, Moshier EL, Sampson HA. Dietary baked milk accelerates the resolution of cow’s milk allergy in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(125–131):e2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Beyer K, Morrow E, Li XM, Bardina L, Bannon GA, Burks AW, et al. Effects of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:1077–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Carnés J, Ferrer A, Huertas AJ, Andreu C, Larramendi CH, Fenández-Caldas E. The use of raw or boiled crustacean extracts for the diagnosis of seafood allergic individuals. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98:349–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Novak N, Allam JP. Mucosal dendritic cells in allergy and immunotherapy. Allergy. 2011;66(Suppl 95):22–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mempel M, Rakoski J, Ring J, Ollert M. Severe anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: immunologic changes related to successful sublingual allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:1406–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kerzl R, Simonowa A, Ring J, Ollert M, Mempel M. Life-threatening anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: protective sublingual allergen immunotherapy effect persists even after discontinuation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:507–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Enrique E, Pineda F, Malek T, Bartra J, Basagana M, Tella R, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for hazelnut food allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a standardized hazelnut extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:1073–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Enrique E, Malek T, Pineda F, Palacios R, Bartra J, Tella R, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for hazelnut food allergy: a follow-up study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:283–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim EH, Bird JA, Kulis M, Laubach S, Pons L, Shreffler W, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: Clinical and immunologic evidence of desensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(640–646):e1.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dupont C, Kalach N, Soulaines P, Legoue-Morillon S, Piloquet H, Benhamou PH. Cow’s milk epicutaneous immunotherapy in children: a pilot trial of safety, acceptability, and impact on allergic reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1165–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. King N, Helm R, Stanley JS, Vieths S, Luttkopf D, Hatahet L, et al. Allergenic characteristics of a modified peanut allergen. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005;49:963–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bannon GA, Cockrell G, Connaughton C, West CM, Helm R, Stanley JS, et al. Engineering, characterization and in vitro efficacy of the major peanut allergens for use in immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;124(1–3):70–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Li XM, Srivastava K, Grishin A, Huang CK, Schofield B, Burks W, et al. Persistent protective effect of heat-killed Escherichia coli producing “engineered,” recombinant peanut proteins in a murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:159–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bissonnette EY, Befus AD. Inhibition of mast cell-mediated cytotoxicity by IFN-alpha/beta and -gamma. J Immunol. 1990;145:3385–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pierkes M, Bellinghausen I, Hultsch T, Metz G, Knop J, Saloga J. Decreased release of histamine and sulfidoleukotrienes by human peripheral blood leukocytes after wasp venom immunotherapy is partially due to induction of IL-10 and IFN-gamma production of T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(2 Pt 1):326–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wood RA, Stablein D, Henning AK, Linblad R, Sicherer SH. A Phase 1 study of heat/phenol killed, E. coli-encapsulated, recombinant modified peanut proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 (EMP-123) for the treatment of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 (abstract submitted).

  49. Hong SJ, Michael JG, Fehringer A, Leung DY. Pepsin-digested peanut contains T-cell epitopes but no IgE epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(2 Pt 1):473–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Li S, Li XM, Burks AW, Bannon GA, Sampson HA. Modulation of peanut allergy by peptide-based immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:S233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Rupa P, Mine Y. Oral immunotherapy with immunodominant T-cell epitope peptides alleviates allergic reactions in a Balb/c mouse model of egg allergy. Allergy. 2012;67:74–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Glaspole IN, de Leon MP, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE. Characterization of the T-cell epitopes of a major peanut allergen, Ara h 2. Allergy. 2005;60:35–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Roy K, Mao HQ, Huang SK, Leong KW. Oral gene delivery with chitosan—DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy [see comments]. Nat Med. 1999;5:387–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Li X, Huang CK, Schofield BH, Burks AW, Bannon GA, Kim KH, et al. Strain-dependent induction of allergic sensitization caused by peanut allergen DNA immunization in mice. J Immunol. 1999;162:3045–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhou Y, Kawasaki H, Hsu SC, Lee RT, Yao X, Plunkett B, et al. Oral tolerance to food-induced systemic anaphylaxis mediated by the C-type lectin SIGNR1. Nat Med. 2010;16:1128–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Milgrom H. Anti-IgE therapy in allergic disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004;16:642–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Leung DY, Sampson HA, Yunginger JW, et al. Effect of anti-IgE therapy in patients with peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:986–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sampson HA, Leung DYM, Burks AW, Lack G, Bahna SL, Jones SM, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled oral food challenge trial of Xolair (omalizumab) in peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immun. 2011;127:1309–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte L, Borras I, Umetsu DT. Rapid oral desensitization in combination with omalizumab therapy in patients with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1622–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Srivastava KD, Kattan JD, Zou ZM, Li JH, Zhang L, Wallenstein S, et al. The Chinese herbal medicine formula FAHF-2 completely blocks anaphylactic reactions in a murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:171–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Srivastava KD, Zhang T, Qu C, Sampson HA, Li XM. Silencing peanut allergy: A Chinese Herbal Formula, Fahf-2, completely blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis for up to 6 months following therapy in a murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Qu C, Srivastava K, Ko J, Zhang TF, Sampson HA, Li XM. Induction of tolerance after establishment of peanut allergy by the food allergy herbal formula-2 is associated with up-regulation of interferon-gamma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37:846–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Srivastava KD, Qu C, Zhang T, Goldfarb J, Sampson HA, Li XM. Food allergy herbal formula-2 silences peanut-induced anaphylaxis for a prolonged posttreatment period via IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:443–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Song Y, Qu C, Srivastava K, Yang N, Busse P, Zhao W, Li XM. Food allergy herbal formula 2 protection against peanut anaphylactic reaction is via inhibition of mast cells and basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(1208–17):e3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ko J, Busse PJ, Shek L, Noone SA, Sampson HA, Li XM. Effect of Chinese herbal formulas on T cell responses in patients with peanut allergy or asthma. J Allergy Clin Immun. 2005;115(2):S34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang J, Patil SP, Yang N, Ko J, Lee J, Noone S, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunologic effects of a food allergy herbal formula in food allergic individuals: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose escalation, phase 1 study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:75–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Patil SP, Wang J, Song Y, Noone S, Yang N, Wallenstein S, et al. Clinical safety of Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) and inhibitory effect on basophils from patients with food allergy: Extended phase I study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:1259–65.e2.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, Atkins D, Attwood SE, Bonis PA, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:3–20.e6.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:83–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Straumann A, Bauer M, Fischer B, Blaser K, Simon HU. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with a T(H)2-type allergic inflammatory response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:954–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Stein ML, Collins MH, Villanueva JM, Kushner JP, Putnam PE, Buckmeier BK, et al. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1312–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Straumann A, Conus S, Grzonka P, Kita H, Kephart G, Bussmann C, et al. Anti-interleukin-5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Gut. 2010;59:21–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Assa’ad AH, Gupta SK, Collins MH, Thomson M, Heath AT, Smith DA. An antibody against IL-5 reduces numbers of esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1593–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Zhu FG, Kandimalla ER, Yu D, Sgarwal S. Oral administration of a synthetic agonist of Toll-like receptor 9 potently modulates peanut-induced allergy in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:631–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Srivastava K, Li XM, Bannon GA, Burks AW, Eiden J, Vannest G, et al. Investigation of the use of Iss-linked Ara h2 for the treatment of peanut-induced allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:S233.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Schülke S, Burggraf M, Waibler Z, Wangorsch A, Wolfheimer S, Kalinke U, et al. A fusion protein of flagellin and ovalbumin suppresses the T(H)2 response and prevents murine intestinal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1340–1348):e12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML. Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1117–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Vliagoftis H, Kouranos VD, Betsi GI, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:570–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaplan JL, Shi HN, Walker WA. The role of microbes in developmental immunologic programming. Pediatr Res. 2011;69:465–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Schiavi E, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, De Felice G. Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy. Allergy. 2011;66:499–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Viljanen M, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy. 2005;60:494–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hol J, van Leer EHG, Elink Schuurman BEE, de Ruiter LF, Samsom JN, Hop W, et al. The acquisition of tolerance toward cow’s milk through probiotic supplementation: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1448–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. van den Biggelaar AH, Lopuhaa C, van Ree R, van der Zee JS, Jans J, Hoek A, et al. The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;126:231–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Endara P, Vaca M, Chico ME, Erazo S, Oviedo G, Quinzo I, et al. Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:1669–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Bashir ME, Andersen P, Fuss IJ, Shi HN, Nagler-Anderson C. An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen. J Immunol. 2002;169:3284–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bager P, Arnved J, Rønborg S, Wohlfahrt J, Poulsen LK, Westergaard T, et al. Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Bager P, Kapel C, Roepstorff A, Thamsborg S, Arnved J, Rønborg S, et al. Symptoms after ingestion of pig whipworm Trichuris suis eggs in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e22346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Feary JR, Venn AJ, Mortimer K, Brown AP, Hooi D, Falcone FH, et al. Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:299–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Funding source: Julie Wang, MD, is funded in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; K23 AI083883. Hugh A Sampson, MD, is funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; AI-44236 and AI-066738, and the National Center for Research Resources; RR-026134.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julie Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, J., Sampson, H.A. Treatments for food allergy: how close are we?. Immunol Res 54, 83–94 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8309-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8309-3

Keywords

Navigation