Abstract
As has already been indicated in numerous studies, touching or holding someone by the arm while asking for something increases our chances of having our request fulfilled. However, the three experiments presented in this article which were conducted in Poland, indicate that in the conditions when a man requests something from another man, touch actually negatively affects the chances for request fulfillment. This effect seems to be linked to the strong male homophobia characteristic of the society within which the experiments were carried out.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramowicz, M. (Ed.). (2007). Sytuacja społeczna osób biseksualnych i homoseksualnych wPolsce (Social situation of bisexual and homosexual persons in Poland). Warszawa: Lambda.
Anderesen, P. A., & Leibowitz, K. (1978). The development and nature of the construct of touch avoidance. Experimental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 89–106.
Andersen, J. F., Andersen, P. A., & Lustig, M. W. (1987a). Opposite sex touch avoidance: A national replication and extension. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 89–109.
Andersen, P. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (1989). Avoiding communication: Verbal and nonverbal dimensions of defensiveness. In Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the Western Speech Communication Association, Spokane, WA.
Andersen, P. A., Lustig, M. W., & Andersen, J. F. (1987b). Changes in latitude, changes in attitude: The relationship between climate and interpersonal communication predispositions. In Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the Western Speech Communication Association, Boston, MA.
Bohm, J. K., & Hendricks, B. (1997). Effects of interpersonal touch, degree of justification, and sex of participant on compliance with a request. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 460–469.
Brockner, J., Pressman, B., Cabitt, J., & Moran, P. (1982). Nonverbal intimacy, sex, and compliance: A field study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 64, 253–258.
Cialdini, R. B., Vincent, J. E., Lewis, S. K., Catalan, J., Wheeler, D., & Darby, B. L. (1975). Reciprocal concession procedure for inducing compliance: The door-in-the-face technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 206–215.
Crawford, C. B. (1994a). Effects of sex and sex roles on same-sex touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 391–394.
Crawford, C. B. (1994b). Effects of sex and sex roles on avoidance of same- and opposite-sex touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 107–112.
Davis, B. P., & Knowles, E. S. (1999). A disrupt-then-reframe technique of social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 192–199.
Derlega, V. J., Lewis, R. J., Harrison, S., Winstead, B. A., & Costanza, R. (1989). Gender differences in the initiation and attribution of tactile intimacy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 83–96.
Dolinski, D., & Nawrat, R. (1998). Fear-then-relief procedure for producing compliance. Beware when the danger is over. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 27–50.
Erceau, D., & Guéguen, N. (2007). Tactile contact and evaluation of the toucher. Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 441–444.
European Parliament Resolution of 26 April 2007 on homophobia in Europe (2007). Retrieved July 21, 2009 from http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?FileID=736.
Floyd, K. (2000). Affectionate same-sex touch: The influence of homophobia on observers’ perceptions. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 774–788.
Freedman, J. L., & Fraser, C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot in the door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195–202.
Fundamental Right Agency (2009). Homophobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity in the EU member states. Part II—the social situation. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights report. Retrieved July 21, 2009 from http://www.fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/FRA_hdgso_report_Part2_en.pdf.
Goldman, M., Kiyohara, O., & Pfannensteil, D. A. (2001). Interpersonal touch, social labeling, and the foot-in-the-door effect. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 143–147.
Guéguen, N. (2002a). Status, apparel and touch: Their joint effects on compliance to a request. American Journal of Psychology, 4, 279–286.
Guéguen, N. (2002b). Touch, awareness of touch, and compliance with a request. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 355–360.
Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2006). The effect of tactile stimulation on the purchasing behaviour of consumers: An experimental study in natural setting. International Journal of Management, 23, 24–33.
Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., & Gaelle, B. (2007). The effect of touch on compliance with a restarant’s employee suggestion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 1019–1023.
Henley, N., & LaFrance, M. (1984). Gender and culture: Difference and dominance in nonverbal behavior. In A. Wolfgang (Ed.), Nonverbal behavior: Perspectives, applications, intercultural insights (pp. 351–357). Ashland: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Herek, G. M. (1998). Attitudes toward lesbian and gay men scale. In C. M. Davis (Ed.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (pp. 392–394). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Heslin, R., Nguyen, T. D., & Nguyen, M. L. (1983). Meaning of touch: The case of touch from a stranger or same sex person. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 7, 147–157.
Hornik, J. (1992). Tactile stimulation and consumer response. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 449–458.
Hornik, J. (2001). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 681–683.
Hornik, J., & Ellis, S. (1988). Strategies to secure compliance for a mall interview. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 539–551.
Kaufman, D., & Mahoney, J. M. (1999). The effect of waitress touch on alcohol consumption in dyads. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 261–267.
Kleinke, C. L. (1977). Compliance to request made by gazing and touching experiments in a field settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 218–223.
Kleinke, C. L. (1980). Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 5, 3–12.
LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998). Sex differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: A multidimensional perspective. Journal of Sex Research, 35, 189–196.
Lelleri, R. (2007). Schoolmates. Transnational research: Final report. Unpublished manuscript. Bologna (Italy).
Lieblich, A., & Friedman, G. (1985). Attitudes toward male and female homosexuality and sex-role stereotypes in Israeli and American students. Sex Roles, 12, 561–570.
Major, B., Schmidlin, A. M., & Williams, L. (1990). Gender patterns in social touch: The impact of setting and age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 634–643.
Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1993). Psychological and biological differences in touch avoidance. Communication Research Reports, 10, 141–147.
Nannberg, J. C., & Hansen, C. (1994). Post-compliance touch: An incentive for task performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 301–307.
Patterson, M. L., Powell, J. L., & Lenihan, M. G. (1986). Touch, compliance, and interpersonal affect. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 10, 41–50.
Powell, J., Meil, W., Patterson, M. L., & Chouirand, E. F. (1994). Effects of timing of touch on compliance to a request. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 153–162.
Remland, M. S., & Jones, T. S. (1994). The influence of vocal intensity and touch on compliance gaining. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 89–97.
Roese, N. J., Olson, J. M., Borenstein, M. N., Martin, A., & Shores, A. (1992). Same-sex touching behavior: The moderating role of homophobic attitudes. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 249–259.
Santos, M. D., Leve, C., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994). Hey buddy, can you spare seventeen cents? Mindful persuasion and the pique technique. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 755–764.
Smith, D. E., Gier, J. A., & Willis, F. N. (1982). Interpersonal touch and compliance with a marketing request. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 35–38.
Stier, D. H., & Hall, J. A. (1984). Gender differences in touch: An empirical and theoretical review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 440–459.
Wallace, J., & Sadalla, E. (1966). Behavioral consequences of transgression: I. The effects of social recognition. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 187–194.
Willis, F. N., & Hamm, H. K. (1980). The use of interpersonal touch in securing compliance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 5, 49–55.
Willis, F. N., & Rawdon, V. A. (1994). Gender and national differences in attitudes toward same-gender touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 1027–1034.
Acknowledgments
The preparation of this article was made possible by a research grant from the Polish Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education (grant number 1343/H03/2006/31).
My warm thanks are extended to Judith A. Hall, the Associate Editor of the journal, and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the earlier version of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dolinski, D. Touch, Compliance, and Homophobia. J Nonverbal Behav 34, 179–192 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-010-0090-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-010-0090-1