Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Ecosystem Responses of the Subtropical Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, to Climate Change: A Nitrogen Cycle Modeling Approach

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Aquatic Geochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The global coastal zone is characterized by high biological productivity and serves as an important channel through which materials are transferred from land to the open ocean, yet little is known how it will be affected by climate change. Here, we use Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, a semi-enclosed subtropical embayment partially surrounded by a mountainous watershed and fed by river runoff as an example to explore the potential impact of climate change on the pelagic and benthic cycling of nitrogen. We employ a nine-compartment nitrogen cycle biogeochemical box model and perturb it with a set of four idealized climate scenarios. We find that hydrological changes play a dominant role in determining the ecosystem structure, while temperature changes are more important for the trophic state and stability of the ecosystem. The ecosystem stability against storm events does not significantly change under any scenario. The system remains autotrophic in the future; however, it becomes significantly less autotrophic under drier climate, while it turns slightly more autotrophic under wetter climate. These findings may have implications for other high island watershed and coastal ecosystems in the tropics and subtropics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. KECOM written using the software package of STELLA® version 9.1.4. The time step of model runs is 2−13 years (≈ 1.1 h). This time step is chosen to ensure numerical stability in the simulations of the fast N turnover in the modeled food web. The fourth Runge–Kutta method is used for numerical integrations.

  2. When multiple runs using a same emissions scenario are available from a single model, one run is chosen based on visual inspection (Jan Sedlacek, personal communication, 23 November 2012). Selected runs from each model are simply averaged, although weighting among models is an issue of ongoing debate (Knutti 2010).

  3. The current upward trend of the global-mean surface temperature is likely to continue for the next several decades owing to the biogeochemical and physical inertia arising from the long residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere (Archer et al. 2009) as well as the slow heat transfer processes in the ocean (Solomon et al. 2010) even if anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, pollutants, and aerosol precursors are drastically reduced in the near future [(Tanaka and Raddatz 2011); further references therein]. However, while global-mean surface temperatures are projected to increase for the next several decades, how that increase, in turn, influences the regional and local climate pattern germane to Kaneohe Bay is not as well-known.

  4. The precipitation and evaporation parameters are kept at their respective reference levels for the present day (Tanaka and Mackenzie 2005). Changes in these parameters within substantial ranges of ±20 % do not result in any significant adjustments in reservoir sizes (results not shown). Water exchange is far more important in controlling the hydrological budget of the bay.

  5. Except for the first set of experiments, the absolute magnitude and period of the storm perturbation are kept the same as the reference experiment for the present-day condition.

  6. It is generally shown in Table 3 that the directions of changes in reservoir sizes under the future climate scenarios (Fig. 3) can be inferred by linear syntheses of directions of reservoir responses to corresponding individual parameter changes (Figures S2 through S6). However, it is not always so, which is most evident in the results for surface radiation and water temperature (Figures S2 and S3). In particular, the pelagic phytoplankton reservoir exhibits a strong nonlinear response to the cooling (Figure S3e). In the results with respect to water exchange and river runoff, nonlinearity is weaker (Figures S4 and S5) but does appear when these parameters are varied across larger ranges (e.g., up to ±60% changes) (results not shown). The nonlinearities discussed here stem from the nonlinear formula used to describe the radiation and temperature control of biological metabolism (Table 1).

  7. The eigenproperty of the model, which is derived both analytically and numerically (Tanaka 2002; Tanaka and Mackenzie 2005), can then be more utilized in future studies. Eigenproperties of ecosystem models are widely used in the field of mathematical ecology [e.g., (May 1973)] although their limitations in revealing ecosystem stabilities are debated (Neubert and Caswell 1997; Hastings 2004; Verdy and Caswell 2008). To our knowledge, only several empirical modeling studies obtain eigenproperties (Carpenter et al. 1992; Cottingham and Carpenter 1994; Laws 1997; Tanaka and Mackenzie 2005; Montoya et al. 2009).

References

  • Anderson TR (2005) Plankton functional type modeling: running before we can walk? J Plankton Res 27:1073–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer D, Eby M, Brovkin V, Ridgwell A, Cao L, Mikolajewicz U, Caldeira K, Matsumoto K, Munhoven G, Montenegro A, Tokos K (2009) Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 37:117–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA (1980) Early diagenesis : A theoretical approach. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Boynton WR, Kemp WM (2008) Chapter 18—estuaries. In: Nitrogen in the marine environment (2nd edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pp 809–866

  • Braganza K, Karoly DJ, Arblaster JM (2004) Diurnal temperature range as an index of global climate change during the twentieth century. Geophys Res Lett 31:L13217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buddemeier RW, Kleypas JA, Aronson RB (2004) Global reefs and global climate change: potential contributions to climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Pew center on global climate change

  • Caperon J (1975) A trophic level ecosystem model analysis of the plankton community in a shallow-water subtropical estuarine embayment. In: Cronin LE (ed) Estuarine research: Chemistry, biology, and the estuarine system. Academic Press, Waltham, pp 691–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter SR, Kraft CE, Wright R, He X, Soranno PA, Hodgson JR (1992) Resilience and resistance of a lake phosphorus cycle before and after food web manipulation. Am Nat 140:781–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Abrar M, Aeby G, Aronson RB, Banks S, Bruckner A, Chiriboga A, Cortés J, Delbeek JC, DeVantier L, Edgar GJ, Edwards AJ, Fenner D, Guzmán HM, Hoeksema BW, Hodgson G, Johan O, Licuanan WY, Livingstone SR, Lovell ER, Moore JA, Obura DO, Ochavillo D, Polidoro BA, Precht WF, Quibilan MC, Reboton C, Richards ZT, Rogers AD, Sanciangco J, Sheppard A, Sheppard C, Smith J, Stuart S, Turak E, Veron JEN, Wallace C, Weil E, Wood E (2008) One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321:560–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu P-S, Chen YR, Schroeder TA (2010) Changes in precipitation extremes in the Hawaiian islands in a warming climate. J Clim 23:4881–4900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottingham KL, Carpenter SR (1994) Predictive indices of ecosystem resilience in models of north temperate lakes. Ecology 75:2127–2138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox EF, Ribes M, Kinzie III RA (2006) Temporal and spatial scaling of planktonic responses to nutrient inputs into a subtropical embayment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 324:19–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Carlo EH, Hoover DJ, Young CW, Hoover RS, Mackenzie FT (2007) Impact of storm runoff from tropical watersheds on coastal water quality and productivity. Appl Geochem 22:1777–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doney SC (2010) The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. Science 328:1512–1516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drupp P, De Carlo E, Mackenzie F, Bienfang P, Sabine C (2011) Nutrient inputs, phytoplankton response, and CO2 variations in a semi-enclosed subtropical embayment, Kaneohe bay, Hawaii. Aquat Geochem 17:473–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugdale RC (1967) Nutrient limitation in the sea: dynamics, identification, and significance. Limnol Oceanogr 12:685–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan KE, Mackenzie FT (2007) Air–sea CO2 exchange in a subtropical estuarine-coral reef system, Kaneohe bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Mar Chem 106:174–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fennel W (1995) A model of the yearly cycle of nutrients and plankton in the Baltic Sea. J Mar Syst 6:313–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Seitzinger SP, Asner GP, Cleveland CC, Green PA, Holland EA, Karl DM, Michaels AF, Porter JH, Townsend AR, Vöosmarty CJ (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garza JA, Chu P-S, Norton CW, Schroeder TA (2012) Changes of the prevailing trade winds over the islands of Hawaii and the north pacific. J Geophys Res 117:D11109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giambelluca TW, Diaz HF, Luke MSA (2008) Secular temperature changes in Hawaii. Geophys Res Lett 35:L12702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross T, Ebenhöh W, Feudel U (2004) Enrichment and food chain stability: the impact of different forms of predator–prey interaction. J Theor Biol 227:349–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber N (2008) Chapter 1—the marine nitrogen cycle: overview and challenges. In: Nitrogen in the marine environment (2nd edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1–50

  • Gruber N (2011) Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change. Phil Trans R Soc A 369:1980–1996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber N, Galloway JN (2008) An earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 451:293–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guidry MW, Dumas D, Mackenzie FT, De Carlo EH (2012) Land - coastal ocean interactions in the tropics and subtropics: Hawai’i as an example. Honolulu, Hawaii

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings A (2004) Transients: the key to long-term ecological understanding? Trends Ecol Evol 19:39–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover D (2002) Fluvial nitrogen and phosphorus in hawaii: Storm runoff, land use, and impacts on coastal waters. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, US, Ph. D. dissertation

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover DJ, Mackenzie FT (2009) Fluvial fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter, and nutrients and potential impacts on tropical coastal water biogeochemistry: oahu, Hawaii. Aquat Geochem 15:547–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel PL, Brown EK (2004) Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii. Global Change Biol 10:1627–1641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel PL, Hunter CL, Taguchi S, Watarai L (1993) Ecological impact of a fresh-water “reef kill” in Kaneohe bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 12:177–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joos F, Roth R, Fuglestvedt JS, Peters GP, Enting IG, von Bloh W, Brovkin V, Burke EJ, Eby M, Edwards NR, Friedrich T, Frölicher TL, Halloran PR, Holden PB, Jones C, Kleinen T, Mackenzie FT, Matsumoto K, Meinshausen M, Plattner G-K, Reisinger A, Segschneider J, Shaffer G, Steinacher M, Strassmann K, Tanaka K, Timmermann A, Weaver AJ (2013) Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis. Atmos Chem Phys 13:2793–2825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp W, Smith E, Marvin-DiPasquale M, Boynton W (1997) Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 150:229–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knutti R (2010) The end of model democracy? Clim Change 102:395–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laws EA (1997) Mathematical methods for oceanographers: An introduction. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws EA, Allen CB (1996) Water quality in a subtropical embayment more than a decade after division of sewage discharges. Pac Sci 50:194–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws EA, Falkowski PG, Smith WO, Ducklow H, McCarthy JJ (2000) Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:1231–1246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe RJ, Falter JL, Monismith SG, Atkinson MJ (2009) A numerical study of circulation in a coastal reef-lagoon system. J Geophys Res 114:C06022

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie FT (2011) Our changing planet: An introduction to earth system science and global environmental change, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (2006) Carbon in the geobiosphere: - earth’s outer shell. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie FT, Lerman A, Ver LMB (1998) Role of the continental margin in the global carbon balance during the past three centuries. Geology 26:423–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie FT, De Carlo EH, Lerman A (2011) Coupled c, n, p, and o biogeochemical cycling at the land-ocean interface. In: Wolanski E, McLusky DS (eds) Treatise on estuarine and coastal science, vol 5. Academic Press, Waltham, pp 317–342

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Massaro RS, Carlo E, Drupp P, Mackenzie F, Jones S, Shamberger K, Sabine C, Feely R (2012) Multiple factors driving variability of CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere in a tropical coral reef environment. Aquat Geochem 18:357–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May RM (1973) Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, US, Princeton landmarks in biology

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl GA, Tebaldi C, Nychka D (2004) Changes in frost days in simulations of twenty first century climate. Clim Dyn 23:495–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montoya JM, Woodward G, Emmerson MC, Solé RV (2009) Press perturbations and indirect effects in real food webs. Ecology 90:2426–2433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss RH, Edmonds JA, Hibbard KA, Manning MR, Rose SK, van Vuuren DP, Carter TR, Emori S, Kainuma M, Kram T, Meehl GA, Mitchell JFB, Nakicenovic N, Riahi K, Smith SJ, Stouffer RJ, Thomson AM, Weyant JP, Wilbanks TJ (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert MG, Caswell H (1997) Alternatives to resilience for measuring the responses of ecological systems to perturbations. Ecology 78:653–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton CW, Chu P-S, Schroeder TA (2011) Projecting changes in future heavy rainfall events for Oahu, Hawaii: a statistical downscaling approach. J Geophys Res 116:D17110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohmura A (2009) Observed decadal variations in surface solar radiation and their causes. J Geophys Res 114:D00D05

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrander C, McManus M, DeCarlo E, Mackenzie F (2008) Temporal and spatial variability of freshwater plumes in a semi enclosed estuarine–bay system. Estuar Coasts 31:192–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pace ML, Glasser JE, Pomeroy LR (1984) A simulation analysis of continental shelf food webs. Mar Biol 82:47–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabouille C, Mackenzie FT, Ver LM (2001) Influence of the human perturbation on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen biogeochemical cycles in the global coastal ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:3615–3641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees AP (2012) Pressures on the marine environment and the changing climate of ocean biogeochemistry. Phil Trans R Soc A 370:5613–5635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regnier P, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Mackenzie FT, Gruber N, Janssens I, Laruelle GG, Lauerwald R, Luyssaert S, Andersson AJ, Arndt S, Arnosti C, Borges AV, Dale AW, Gallego-Sala A, Goddéris Y, Hartmann J, Heinze C, Ilyina T, Joos F, LaRowe DE, Leifeld J, Meysman FJR, Munhoven G, Goossens N, Raymond PA, Spahni R, Suntharalingam P, Thullner M (2013) Global carbon budget and its anthropogenic perturbation in the land-ocean aquatic continuum. Nature geoscience 6:597–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringuet S, Mackenzie F (2005) Controls on nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics during normal flow and storm runoff conditions, southern Kaneohe bay, Hawaii. Estuar Coasts 28:327–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safeeq M, Fares A (2012) Hydrologic response of a Hawaiian watershed to future climate change scenarios. Hydrol Processes 26:2745–2764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg RD, Landry MR, Calbet A (2005) Grazing of two common appendicularians on the natural prey assemblage of a tropical coastal ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 294:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seneviratne SI, Nicholls N, Easterling D, Goodess CM, Kanae S, Kossin J, Luo Y, Marengo J, McInnes K, Rahimi M, Reichstein M, Sorteberg A, Vera C, Zhang X (2012) Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment. In: Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF et al (eds) A special report of working groups i and ii of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 109–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamberger KEF, Feely RA, Sabine CL, Atkinson MJ, DeCarlo EH, Mackenzie FT, Drupp PS, Butterfield DA (2011) Calcification and organic production on a Hawaiian coral reef. Mar Chem 127:64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skeie RB, Berntsen TK, Myhre G, Tanaka K, Kvalevåg MM, Hoyle CR (2011) Anthropogenic radiative forcing time series from pre-industrial times until 2010. Atmos Chem Phys 11:11827–11857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (1993) Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance. Rev Geophys 31:75–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SV, Kimmerer WJ, Laws EA, Brock RE, Walsh TW (1981) Kaneohe bay sewage diversion experiment: perspectives on ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation. Pac Sci 35:279–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith J, Smith C, Hunter C (2001) An experimental analysis of the effects of herbivory and nutrient enrichment on benthic community dynamics on a Hawaiian reef. Coral Reefs 19:332–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JE, Hunter CL, Smith CM (2002) Distribution and reproductive characteristics of non indigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian islands. Pac Sci 56:299–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Daniel JS, Sanford TJ, Murphy DM, Plattner G-K, Knutti R, Friedlingstein P (2010) Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:18354–18359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Daniel JS, Neely RR, Vernier J-P, Dutton EG, Thomason LW (2011) The persistently variable “background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change. Science 333:866–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone DA, Weaver AJ (2002) Daily maximum and minimum temperature trends in a climate model. Geophys Res Lett 29:1356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summerhayes CP (1995) Upwelling in the ocean: modern processes and ancient records: report of the Dahlem workshop on upwelling in the ocean, modern processes and ancient records, Berlin 1994, September 25–30. Environmental sciences research report; es 18. John Wiley, Chichester, England; New York

  • Tanaka K (2002) Statistical and stability analysis of ecosystem dynamics in southern Kaneohe bay. M.S. thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, US. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6964

  • Tanaka K, Mackenzie FT (2005) Ecosystem behavior of southern Kaneohe bay, Hawaii: a statistical and modeling approach. Ecol Model 188:296–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Raddatz T (2011) Correlation between climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing and its implication for the “climate trap”. Clim Change 109:815–825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Kriegler E, Bruckner T, Hooss G, Knorr W, Raddatz T (2007) Aggregated Carbon Cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Climate model (ACC2)—description of the forward and inverse modes. Reports on earth system science, vol 40. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FB8B-5

  • Tanaka K, Raddatz T, O’Neill BC, Reick CH (2009) Insufficient forcing uncertainty underestimates the risk of high climate sensitivity. Geophys Res Lett 36:L16709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Berntsen T, Fuglestvedt JS, Rypdal K (2012) Climate effects of emission standards: the case for gasoline and diesel cars. Environ Sci Technol 46:5205–5213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Johansson DJA, O’Neill BC, Fuglestvedt JS (2013) Emission metrics under the 2°C climate stabilization target. Clim Change 117:933–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2011) An overview of cmip5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:485–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timm O, Diaz HF (2009) Synoptic-statistical approach to regional downscaling of ipcc twenty-first-century climate projections: seasonal rainfall over the Hawaiian islands. J Clim 22:4261–4280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US-Census-Bureau (2012) State and county quick facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html

  • Ver LMB, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (1994) Modeling pre-industrial c-n-p-s biogeochemical cycling in the land-coastal margin system. Chemosphere 29:855–887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ver LMB, Mackenzie FT, Lerman A (1999) Biogeochemical responses of the carbon cycle to natural and human perturbations: past, present, and future. Am J Sci 299:762–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdy A, Caswell H (2008) Sensitivity analysis of reactive ecological dynamics. Bull Math Biol 70:1634–1659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White P, Kalff J, Rasmussen J, Gasol J (1991) The effect of temperature and algal biomass on bacterial production and specific growth rate in freshwater and marine habitats. Microb Ecol 21:99–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wild M (2009) Global dimming and brightening: a review. J Geophys Res 114:D00D16

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong M (2013) Carbon system dynamics in streams discharging to kaneohe bay, hawaii. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Eric De Carlo for coordinating the Special Issue honoring the career of Fred Mackenzie. We are grateful for Eric De Carlo, Fred Mackenzie, and two anonymous reviewers for comments and feedbacks during the course of this study. K. Tanaka is thankful for Jan Sedlacek for his technical help for retrieving and plotting the CMIP5 data and for Oliver Stebler for his tips to improve the visual presentation of the model diagram. The photograph used as the background of Fig. 2 is credited for Jennifer O. Reynolds. CRIMP and CRIMP2 projects as well as the NOAA/PMEL Carbon Dioxide Program are acknowledged for the climate data collected at Kaneohe Bay. K. Tanaka is supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (Proposal N° 255568 under FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IEF). N. Gruber acknowledges financial support by ETH Zurich. The first author designed and constructed the model KECOM as a part of his master thesis under the guidance of Fred Mackenzie (Tanaka 2002). He is pursuing his research career in the field of Earth system science (Mackenzie 2011) and his Marie Curie Fellowship project aims to elucidate the uncertainty and stability property of a coupled C–N-P biogeochemical cycle model (Ver et al. 1999; Mackenzie et al. 2011; Joos et al. 2013). By taking the opportunity to honor Fred’s career, the first author revisits KECOM and addresses questions related to climate change, which he currently works on [e.g., (Tanaka et al. 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013)].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Universitaetstrasse 16, CHN N16.1, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    Katsumasa Tanaka

  2. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V. (IASS), Potsdam, Germany

    Katsumasa Tanaka

  3. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Michael W. Guidry

  4. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland

    Nicolas Gruber

Authors
  1. Katsumasa Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael W. Guidry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicolas Gruber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katsumasa Tanaka.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 1254 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tanaka, K., Guidry, M.W. & Gruber, N. Ecosystem Responses of the Subtropical Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, to Climate Change: A Nitrogen Cycle Modeling Approach. Aquat Geochem 19, 569–590 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-013-9209-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-013-9209-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation