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Development of a three-dimensional model of sedimentary texture in valley-fill deposits of Central Valley, California, USA

Développement d’un modèle tridimensionnel de la texture sédimentaire des dépôts de remplissage de la Vallée Centrale, Californie, Etats-Unis

Desarrollo de un modelo tridimensional de la textura sedimentaria en depósitos de relleno de valle del Central Valley, California, EEUU

美国加州中央谷地区的河谷堆积物沉积结构三维模型的建立

Desenvolvimento de um modelo tridimensional da textura sedimentar dos depósitos de enchimento de vale do Central Valley, Califórnia, EUA

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Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) texture model was developed to help characterize the aquifer system of Central Valley, California (USA), for a groundwater flow model. The 52,000-km2 Central Valley aquifer system consists of heterogeneous valley-fill deposits. The texture model was developed by compiling and analyzing approximately 8,500 drillers’ logs, describing lithologies up to 950 m below land surface. The lithologic descriptions on the logs were simplified into a binary classification of coarse- and fine-grained. The percentage of coarse-grained sediment, or texture, was then computed for each 15-m depth interval. The model was developed by 3D kriging of the percentage of coarse-grained deposits onto a 1.6-km spatial grid at 15-m depth intervals from land surface down to 700 m below land surface. The texture model reflects the known regional, spatial, and vertical heterogeneity in the aquifer system. The texture model correlates to sediment source areas, independently mapped geomorphic provinces, and factors affecting the development of alluvial fans, thus demonstrating the utility of using tcdrillers’ logs as a source of lithologic information. The texture model is upscaled to a layered groundwater flow model for use in defining the hydraulic properties of the aquifer system.

Résumé

Un modèle tridimensionnel (3D) dit « de texture » a été développé pour aider à la caractérisation de l’aquifère de la Vallée Centrale en Californie (Etats-Unis) par un modèle hydrodynamique. Les 52,000 km2 de l’aquifère de la Vallée Centrale sont constitués de dépôts hétérogènes de remblayage de vallées. Le modèle de texture a été développé en combinant et analysant environ 8500 logs de sondage et en décrivant les lithologies jusqu’à plus de 950 m sous la surface du sol. Les descriptions lithologiques des logs ont été simplifiées en une classification binaire grains grossiers et grains fins. Le pourcentage de sédiment grossier, ou texture, a ensuite été calculé pour chaque intervalle de profondeur de 15 m. Le modèle a été développé avec un kriging 3D du pourcentage de grain grossier dans les dépôts dans une grille de 1.6 km de côté pour des intervalles de profondeur de 15 m et jusqu’à 700 m sous la surface du sol. Le modèle de texture reflète l’hétérogénéité régionale, spatiale et verticale connue du système aquifère. Le modèle de texture se corrèle avec la localisation des sources de sédiments, les provinces géomorphologiques indépendamment cartographiées et les facteurs influençant le développement des cônes alluviaux, montrant ainsi l’utilité d’utiliser les logs de sondage comme source d’information lithologique. Le modèle de texture est ensuite utilisé dans un modèle d’écoulement de l’eau souterraine à couches afin de permettre la détermination des propriétés hydrauliques de l’aquifère.

Resumen

Se desarrolló un modelo tridimensional (3D) de textura para ayudar a caracterizar el sistema acuífero del Central Valley, California (EEUU), para un modelo de flujo de aguas subterráneas. Los 52,000 km2 del sistema de acuíferos del Central Valley consisten de depósitos heterogéneos de relleno de valle. El modelo de textura fue desarrollado compilando y analizando aproximadamente 8,500 perfiles de perforaciones, que describen las litologías hasta 950 m por debajo de la superficie del terreno. Las descripciones litológicas de los perfiles fueron simplificadas en una clasificación binaria de granos finos y gruesos. El porcentaje de sedimentos de grano grueso, o textura fue luego calculada para cada intervalo de 15 m de profundidad. El modelo fue desarrollado por un kriging 3 D de los porcentajes de depósitos de granos gruesos en una grilla espacial de 1.6 km en intervalos de 15-m de profundidad a partir de la superficie del terreno a 700 m debajo de la superficie. El modelo textural refleja la conocida heterogeneidad regional, espacial y vertical en el sistema acuífero. El modelo de textura correlaciona con las áreas de fuentes de sedimentos, de las regiones geomorfológicas independientemente mapeadas, y los factores que afectan el desarrollo de los abanicos aluviales, demostrando así la utilidad de los perfiles de perforaciones como una fuente de información litológica. El modelo de textura está reescalado a un modelo de flujo en capas para usarlo en la definición de las propiedades hidráulica del acuífero.

摘要

为建立加州中央谷地区地下水流模型, 特建立一个刻画其含水层系统特征的三维 (3D) 结构模型。52,000 km2的中央谷含水层系统由非均质河谷堆积物沉积形成。汇编分析约8500个钻孔的录井资料后建成该结构模型, 描述了深度达地面以下950米的岩性情况。录井资料中岩性简化至粗颗粒和细颗粒的二元划分。以15m为间隔计算粗颗粒沉积物或结构的百分比。该模型基于3D克里格在水平1.6 km、垂向15m间距直至地下700m深度建立沉积物的空间网格。该结构模型反应了对该含水层系统在区域、空间和垂向上的非均质性的现有认识。结构模型与沉积物源区、独立绘制的地貌省和影响冲积扇形成的因子相关, 因此, 说明了将钻孔记录作为岩性信息来源的效用。当定义含水层系统的水力特征时, 结构模型可扩展为层状地下水流模型。

Resumo

Foi desenvolvido um modelo tridimensional (3D) da textura para ajudar a caracterizar o sistema aquífero de Central Valley, Califórnia (EUA), num modelo de fluxo de água subterrânea. Com 52,000 km2, o sistema aquífero de Central Valley é formado por depósitos heterogéneos de enchimento de vale. O modelo de textura foi desenvolvido através da compilação e análise de aproximadamente 8,500 registos de sondagem (log's), que descrevem as litologias até 950 m abaixo da superfície do terreno. As descrições litológicas dos registos foram simplificadas numa classificação binária de granulometria grosseira e fina. A percentagem de sedimentos de granulometria grosseira, ou textura grosseira, foi posteriormente calculada para cada intervalo de profundidade de 15 metros. O modelo foi desenvolvido por kriging 3D da percentagem de depósitos sedimentares grosseiros numa malha espacial de 1.6 km com intervalos de profundidade de 15 metros, desde a superfície do terreno até 700 m abaixo. O modelo de textura reflecte a conhecida heterogeneidade regional, espacial e vertical do sistema aquífero. O modelo de textura correlaciona-se com áreas de proveniência dos sedimentos, com províncias geomorfológicas cartografadas independentemente e com factores que afectam o desenvolvimento de leques aluviais, demonstrando dessa forma a utilidade dos registos de sondagem como fonte de informação litológica. O modelo de textura foi transformado num modelo de fluxo de água subterrânea multicamada e usado na definição das propriedades hidráulicas do sistema aquífero.

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Correspondence to Claudia C. Faunt.

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Faunt, C.C., Belitz, K. & Hanson, R.T. Development of a three-dimensional model of sedimentary texture in valley-fill deposits of Central Valley, California, USA. Hydrogeol J 18, 625–649 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0539-7

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