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Field scale heterogeneity of redox conditions in till-upscaling to a catchment nitrate model

冰渍物弱透水层氧化还原界面不均一性——流域地下水硝酸盐模型升尺度方法

Hétérogénéité des conditions redox dans les tills à l'échelle expérimentale–extension vers la modélisation des nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant

Heterogeneidade das condições redox à escala de campo em tilitos-incremento de escala para um modelo de nitratos em bacia hidrográfica

Heterogeneidades a escala de campo de condiciones redox en sedimentos glaciares heterogéneos y poco clasificados (till)-Sobre-escalado a un modelo de nitrato de una cuenca

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Abstract

Point scale studies in different settings of glacial geology show a large local variation of redox conditions. There is a need to develop an upscaling methodology for catchment scale models. This paper describes a study of field-scale heterogeneity of redox-interfaces in a till aquitard within an area of 600 × 600 m. The results showed significant variation of the depths to the redox-interface and thickness of the aquitard. Nitrate was present above the redox-interface but reduced to non-detectable levels a few metres below the interface. An upscaling approach for an area of 92 km2 is proposed. Two models are proposed to predict the depth to the redox-interface in the aquitard and the resulting nitrate recharge concentrations to an underlying aquifer. The first model assumes that the depth to the redox-interface reflects the hydraulic head in the aquitard, and the second model assumes that the depth of the redox-interface is randomly distributed according to a log-normal probability distribution function. The upscaling approach using the random redox model estimated recharge concentrations comparable to the observed concentration in the underlying aquifer. The presented upscaling approach is applicable in distributed catchment models where sub-grid variability cannot be represented by the large grids.

Chinese

摘要: 在不同冰川地质背景下, 不同点的研究结果显示出氧化还原条件在区域上的变化很大。开发一种可将模型扩展到流域尺度的方法很重要。本文研究了面积为600*600米非均质的冰渍弱透水层的氧化还原界面。结果显示该区域各点的氧化还原界面的深度以及含水层厚度不同。硝酸盐主要存在于氧化还原界面上, 而在界面以下几米内的范围内硝酸盐的含量减少至检测限。我们提出了一个面积为92 km2的升尺度方法。并提出两个预测弱透水层中氧化还原界面的深度和补给下伏含水层的硝酸盐浓度的模型。其中一个假设氧化还原界面的深度能够反映出弱透水层中的水头, 另一个假设氧化还原界面的深度是随机的, 符合呈对数正态分布的概率密度函数。文中对随机分布模型进行升尺度, 并把该隔水层对下伏含水层的硝酸盐补给浓度的模拟结果与下伏含水层中实测硝酸盐浓度作比较。证实: 在分布式流域模型中, 由于各单元格特性有很大不同而不能被大单元格所代替。目前的升尺度方法对此很实用。

Résumé

Les études ponctuelles dans divers contextes géologiques glaciaires montrent la grande variabilité locale des conditions redox. Il est nécessaire de développer une méthodologie plus étendue pour les modèles à l'échelle des bassins versants. Le présent article décrit une étude de l'hétérogénéité à l'échelle des terrains des interfaces redox dans des formations d'arènes semi-perméables capacitives, sur une surface de 600 × 600 m. Les résultats ont mis en évidence des variations significatives de la profondeur de l'interface redox, et de l'épaisseur des formations semi-perméables. Les nitrates étaient présents au-dessus de l'interface redox, mais réduits en deçà du seuil de détection quelques mètres en-dessous. Une approche étendue sur une aire de 92 km est proposée. Deux modèles sont proposés pour évaluer la profondeur de l'interface redox dans les formations semi-perméables, et en déduire les concentrations en nitrates alimentant l'aquifère sous-jacent. Le premier modèle suppose que la profondeur de l'interface redox est le reflet du potentiel hydraulique dans les formations semi-perméables, tandis que le second suppose que cette profondeur a une distribution aléatoire selon une fonction de distribution log-normale. L'approche étendue qui utilise le modèle redox aléatoire a estimé des concentrations de réalimentation concordantes avec celles observées dans l'aquifère sous-jacent. L'approche présentée est applicable aux modèles de distribution à l'échelle des bassins versants, lorsque la variabilité intra-maille ne peut être représentée par des mailles larges.

Resumo

Estudos pontuais em diferentes enquadramentos de geologia glacial mostram que existe uma grande variação local das condições redox. Há a necessidade de desenvolver uma metodologia destinada ao incremento de escala para modelos à escala de bacia hidrográfica. Este trabalho descreve um estudo da heterogeneidade da interface-redox à escala de campo num aquitardo composto por um tilito numa área de 600 × 600 m. Os resultados mostraram uma significativa variação da profundidade à interface-redox e da espessura do aquitardo. O ião nitrato estava presente acima da interface-redox mas reduzia-se para teores não detectáveis alguns metros abaixo da interface. Propõe-se uma abordagem de incremento de escala para uma área de 92 km2. Com o objectivo de predizer a profundidade da interface-redox no aquitardo e as consequentes concentrações de nitrato na recarga de um aquífero inferior, são propostos dois modelos. O primeiro assume que a profundidade à interface-redox reflecte a carga hidráulica no aquitardo, e o segundo modelo considera que a profundidade à interface-redox se distribui aleatoriamente de acordo com uma função de distribuição de probabilidade log-normal. A abordagem de incremento de escala que usa o modelo redox aleatório estima concentrações na recarga comparáveis com os valores de concentração observados no aquífero inferior. A abordagem de incremento de escala apresentada é aplicável a modelos distribuídos de bacias onde a variabilidade inferior à escala da discretização da malha não pode ser representada pelas malhas de maior dimensão.

Resumen

Los estudios puntuales en distintos sitios de geología glaciar muestran grandes variaciones locales de sus condiciones redox. Existe la necesidad de desarrollar una metodología de sobre-escalado para modelos a escala de cuenca. Este trabajo describe un estudio de las heterogeneidades a escala de campo de las intefases redox en un acuitardo en sedimentos glaciares (till) en un área de 600 × 600 m. Los resultados muestran variaciones significativas en la profundidad y potencia de la interfase redox. El nitrato está presente por encima de la intefase redox, pero pocos metros debajo de la interfase se encuentra reducido a niveles no detectables. Se propone un sobre-escalado a un área de 92 km2. Se presentan dos modelos para predecir la profundidad de la interfase en el acuitardo y las concentraciones del nitrato recargado a un acuífero subyacente. El primer modelo asume que la profundidad a la interfase redox es un reflejo de los niveles de agua en el acuitardo, mientras que el segundo modelo asume que la interfase redox se distribuye aleatoriamente de acuerdo con una función de distribución probabilística log normal. El método de sobre-escalado que usa el modelo aleatorio de redox estima concentraciones en el agua de recarga que son comparables con las concentraciones observadas en el acuífero subyacente. Este modelo de sobre-escalado se puede aplicar en modelos distribuidos de cuencas donde las mallas de menor detalle no pueden representar la variabilidad de escala más refinada.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was part of a PhD study funded by The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and The Danish International Research School in Water Resources (FIVA). The authors would like to thank M. Styzcen and R. Nøddebo Poulsen (DHI) for providing simulations of nitrate leaching from the root zone. We acknowledge K.E.S. Klint and B. Nilsson both at (GEUS) for geological discussions and C. Rosenberg Lynge (GEUS) for technical assistance.

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Hansen, J.R., Ernstsen, V., Refsgaard, J.C. et al. Field scale heterogeneity of redox conditions in till-upscaling to a catchment nitrate model. Hydrogeol J 16, 1251–1266 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0330-1

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