Abstract
This review describes recently emerging optical and microfluidic technologies suitable for point-of-care genetic analysis systems. Such systems must rapidly detect hundreds of mutations from biological samples with low DNA concentration. We review optical technologies delivering multiplex sensitivity and compatible with lab-on-chip integration for both tagged and non-tagged optical detection, identifying significant source and detector technology emerging from telecommunications technology. We highlight the potential for improved hybridization efficiency through careful microfluidic design and outline some novel enhancement approaches using target molecule confinement. Optimization of fluidic parameters such as flow rate, channel height and time facilitates enhanced hybridization efficiency and consequently detection performance as compared with conventional assay formats (e.g. microwell plates). We highlight lab-on-chip implementations with integrated microfluidic control for “sample-to-answer” systems where molecular biology protocols to realize detection of target DNA sequences from whole blood are required. We also review relevant technology approaches to optofluidic integration, and highlight the issue of biomolecule compatibility. Key areas in the development of an integrated optofluidic system for DNA hybridization are optical/fluidic integration and the impact on biomolecules immobilized within the system. A wide range of technology platforms have been advanced for detection, quantification and other forms of characterization of a range of biomolecules (e.g. RNA, DNA, protein and whole cell). Owing to the very different requirements for sample preparation, manipulation and detection of the different types of biomolecules, this review is focused primarily on DNA–DNA interactions in the context of point-of-care analysis systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dobson MG, Galvin P, Barton DE (2007) Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7(4):359–370
Nanosphere Inc. (2009) Gold Particle Technology Overview. http://www.nanosphere-inc.com. Accessed 12 March 2009
Hahn S, Mergenthaler S, Zimmermann B, Holzgreve W (2005) Bioelectrochemistry 67(2):151–154
Von Lode P (2005) Clin Biochem 38(7):591–606
Park T, Lee S, Seong GH, Choo J, Lee EK, Kim YS, Ji WJ, Hwang SY, Gweon D, Lee S (2005) Lab Chip 5:437–442
Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhlen M, Nyren P (1996) Anal Biochem 242:84–89
Russom A, Tooke N, Andersson H, Stemme G (2003) J Chromatogr A 1014:37–45
Marasso SL, Carnavese G, Cocuzza M, Ferranini M, Guiri E, Bartolo SL, Mantero G, Perrone D, Quaglio M, Vallini I (2008) Microelectron Eng 85:1326–1329
Spurgeon SL, Jones RC, Ramakrishnan R (2008) PLoS ONE 3(2):1662
Wang Y, Vaidya B, Farquar HD (2003) Anal Chem 75(5):1130–1140
Wang J, Chen Z, Corstjens P, Mauk MG, Bau HH (2006) Lab Chip 6:46–53
Berney H, Oliver K (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 21(4):618–626
Lillis B, Manning M, Berney H, Hurley E, Mathewson A, Sheehan MM (2006) Biosens Bioelectron 21(8):1459–1467
Zhao Z, Peytavi R,Diaz-Quijada GA, Picard FJ, Huletsky A, Leblanc E, Frenette J, Boivin G, Veres T, Dumoulin MM, Bergeron MG (2008) J Clin Microbiol 46(11):3752–3758
Zhang C, Xing D (2007) Nucleic Acids Res 35(13):4223–4237
Waters LC, Jacobson SC, Kroutchinina N, Khandurina J, Foote FR, Ramsey JM (1998) Anal Chem 70:158–162
Li P, Harrison J (1997) Anal Chem 69:1564–1568
Belgrader P, Hansford D, Kovacs G, Venkateswaran K, Mariella R, Milanovich F, Nasarabadi S, Okuzumi M, Porahmadi F, Northrup A (1999) Anal Chem 71:4232–4236
Taylor M, Belgrader P, Furman B, Pourahmadi F, Kovacs G, Northrup A (2001) Anal Chem 73:492–496
Lee S, Tai Y (1999) Sens Actuators 73:74–79
Schilling E, Kamholz A, Yager P (2002) Anal Chem 74:1798–1804
Nevill JT, Cooper R, Dueck M, Breslauer DN, Lee LP (2007) Lab Chip 7:1689–1695
Cady NC, Stelick S, Batt CA (2003) Biosens Bioelectron 19(59):59–66
Breadmore MC, Wolfe K, Arcibal IG, Leung WK, Dickson D, Giordano BC, Power ME, Ferrance JP, Feldman S, Norris PM, Landers JP (2003) Anal Chem 75:1880–1886
Torielloa NM, Douglas ES, Thaitrong N, Hsiao SC, Francis MB, Bertozzi CR, Mathiesa RA (2008) Proc Natl Aacad Sci USA 105:20173–20178
Easley CJ, Karlinsey JM, Bienvenue JM, Legendre LA, Roper MG, Feldman SH, Hughes MA, Hewett EL, Merkel TJ, Ferrance JP, Landers JP (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:19272–1927
Huang FC, Liao CS, Lee GB (2006) Electrophoresis 27:3297–3305
Prakash AR, Adamia S, Sieben V, Pilarski P, Pilarski LM, Backhouse CJ (2006) Sens Actuators B Chem 113:398–409
Cheng JY, Hsieh CJ, Chuang YC, Hsieh JR (2005) Analyst 130:931–940
Liao CS, Lee GB, Wu JJ, Chang CC, Hsieh TM, Huang FC, Luo CH (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 20:1341–1348
Zhang CS, Xu JL, Ma WL, Zheng WL (2006) Biotechnol Adv 24:243–284
Hui WC, Yobas L, Samper VD, Heng CK, Liwa S, Ji H, Chena Y, Cong L, Li J, Limb TM (2007) Sens Actuators A 133:335–339
Hoffman D, O’Brien J, Brennan D (2008) Sens Actuators B 12(2):653–658
Gao X, Nie S (2004) Anal Chem 76(8):2406–2410
Cao YC, Huang ZL, Liu TC, Wang HQ, Zhu XX, Wang Z, Zhao YD, Liu MX, Luo QM (2006) Anal Biochem 351:193–200
Ymeti A, Greve J, Lambeck PV, Wink T, van Hövell S, Beumer TA, Wijn RR, Heideman RG, Subramaniam V, Kanger JS (2007) Nano Lett 7(2):394–397
Pappaert K, Van Mummelen P, Vanderhoeven J, Dutta B, Clicq D, Baron GV, Desmet G (2003) J Chromatogr A 1014:1–9
Pappaert K, Van Mummelen P, Vanderhoeven J, Baron GV, Desmet G (2003) Chem Eng Sci 58:4921–4930
Persa H, Chin CD, Mongkolwisetwara P, Lee BW, Wang J, Sia SK (2008) Lab Chip 8:2062–2070
Hu G, Gao Y, Li D (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1403–1409
Hoffman O, Voirin G, Niedermann P, Manz A (2002) Anal Chem 20:5243–5250
Sigurdson M, Wang D, Meinhart CD (2005) Lab Chip 5:1366–1373
Golden JP, Floyd-Smith TM, Mott DR, Ligler FS (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:2763–2767
Peterson AW, Heaton RJ, Georgiadis RM (2001) Nucleic Acids Res 29(24):5163–5168
Brennan D, Lambkin P, Moore EJ, Galvin P (2008) IEEE Sens J 8(5):536–542
ATIK Instruments (2009) ATIK Instruments products. http://www.atik-instruments.com/html/products.html. Accessed 12 March 2009
Starlight Express Ltd. (2009) Starlight express products. http://www.starlight-xpress.co.uk. Accessed 12 March 2009
SensL the low light company (2009) SensL products. http://www.sensl.com/Technology/. Accessed 12 March 2009
Tung YC, Zhang M, Lin CT, Kurabayashi K, Skerlos SJ (2004) Sens Actuators B Chem 98:356–367
Chabinyc ML, Chiu DT, McDonald JC, Stroock AD, Christian JF, Karger AM, Whitesides GM (2001) Anal Chem 73:4491–4498
Hofmann O, Miller P, Sullivan P, Jones TS, deMello JC, Bradley DC, deMello AJ (2005) Sens Actuators B 106:878–884
Mavrogiannopoulou E, Petrou PS, Kakabakos SE, Misiakos K (2009) Biosens Bioelectron 24:1341–1347
Roulet JC, Volkel R, Herzig, HP, Verpoorte E, de Rooij NF, Dandliker R (2001) J Microelectromech Syst 10(4):482–490
Llobera A, Demming S, Wilke R, Büttgenbach S (2007) Lab Chip 7:1560–1565
Luminex Corporation (2009) Xmap technology. http://www.luminexcorp.com/technology/index.html. Accessed 12 March 2009
Affymetrix Inc. (2009) Genome Wide Association. http://www.affymetrix.com/products_services/research_solutions/methods/genome-wide-association.affx. Accessed 12 March 2009
Nam JM, Steova S, Mirkin CA (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:5932–5933
Ramsay G (1998) Nat Biotechnol 16:40–44
Heller MJ (2002) Annu Rev Biomed Eng 4:129–153
Stoughton RB (2005) Annu Rev Biochem 74:53–82
Wei Y, Cao C, Jin R, Mirkin CA (2002) Science 297:1536–1540
Sowell J, Strekowski L, Patonay G (2002) J Biomed Opt 7:571–578
Schmidt H, Hawkins AR (2008) J Microfluidics Nanofluidics 4:1–2
Wang J, Engelund M, Gotsæd T, Perch-Nielsen IR, Mogensen KB, Snakenborg D, Kutter JP, Wolff A (2004) Lab Chip 4:372–377
Seo J, Lee LP (2004) Sens Actuators B Chem 99:615–622
Chediak JA, Luo Z, Seo J, Cheung N, Lee LP, Sands TD (2004) Sens Actuators A 111:1–7
Thrush E, Levi O, Ha W, Wang K, Smith SJ, Harris JS (2003) J Chromatogr A 1013:103–110
Yeh HC, Puleo CM, Lim TC, Ho YP, Giza PE, Huang RCC, Wang TH (2006) Nucleic Acids Res 34:144–152
Kim S, Chen L, Lee S, Seong GH, Choo J, Lee EK, Oh C, Lee S (2007) Anal Sci 23:401–405
Liu AQ, Huang HJ, Chin LK ,Yu YF, Li XC (2008) Anal Bioanal Chem 391:2443–2452
Fan X, White IM, Shopova SI, Zhu H, Suter JD, Sun Y (2008) Anal Chim Acta 620:8–26
Heideman RG, Lambeck PV (1999) Sens Actuators B Chem 61:100–127
Sánchez del Rio J, Carrascosa LG, Blanco FG, Moreno M (2007) Proc SPIE 6477:64771B
Sepúlvedal B, Sánchez del Río J, Moreno M, Blanco FJ, Mayora K, Domínguez C, Lechuga LM (2006) J Opt A Pure Appl Opt 8:561–566
Hsu SH, Huang YT (2005) J Lightwave Technol 23(12):4200–4207
Bernini R, Testa G, Zeni L, Sarro PM (2008) Appl Phys Lett 93:011106. doi:10.1063/1.2957031
GE Healthcare (2009) Label free interaction analysis in real time. http://www.biacore.com/lifesciences/introduction/index.html. Accessed 12 March 2009
Sensata Technologies (2009) Spreeta SPR sensors. http://www.sensata.com/sensors/spreeta-analytical-sensor-highlights.htm. Accessed 12 March 2009
Chinowsky TM, Grow MS, Johnston KS, Nelson K, Edwards T, Fu E, Yager P (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:2208–2215
Lee HJ, Goodrich TJ, Corn RM (2001) Anal Chem 73(22):5525–5531
Nelson BP, Grimsrud TE, Liles MR, Goodman RM, Corn RM (2001) Anal Chem 73(1):1–7
He L, Musick MD, Nicewarner SR, Salinas FG, Benkovic SJ, Natan MJ, Keating CD (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122(38):9071–9077
Hayashida M, Yamaguchi A, Misawa H (2005) Jpn J Appl Phys 44:1544–1546
Lindquist NC, Lesuffleur A, Im H, Oh SH (2009) Lab Chip 9:382–387
Measor P, Seballos L, Yin D, Zhang JZ, Lunt EJ, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H (2007) Appl Phys Lett 90(21):1–3
Taton TA, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL (2000) Science 289:1757–1760
Vollmer F, Arnold S (2008) Nat Methods 5(7):591–596
Armani AM, Kulkarni RP, Fraser SE, Flagan RC, Vahala KJ (2007) Science 317:783–786
Vollmer F, Arnold S, Braun D, Teraoko I, Libchaber A (2003) Biophys J 85:1974–1979
Yang G, White IM, Fan X (2008) Sens Actuators B 133:105–112
Chao CY,.Fung W,Goa LJ (2006) IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 12(1):1438–1449
Mandal S, Erickson D (2008) Opt Express 16(3):1623–1631
Li M, He F, Liao Q, Liu J, Xu L, Jiang L, Song Y, Wang S, Zhu D (2008) Angew Chem Int Ed 47:7258–7262
Dodson JM, Feldstein MJ, Leatzow DM, Flack LK, Golden JP, Ligler FS (2001) Anal Chem 73:3776–3780
Tsai JH, Lin LW (2002) J Microelectromech Syst 11:665–671
Bohm S, Olthuis W, Bergveld P (1999) Sens Actuators A 77:223–228
Beebe DJ, Moore JS, Bauer JM, Yu Q, Liu RH, Devadoss C, Jo BH (2000) Nature 404:588–590
Liu RH, Yu Q, Beebe DJ (2002) J Microelectromech Syst 11:45–53
Burns MA, Johnson BN, Brahmasandra SN, Handique K, Webster JR, Krishnan M, Sammarco TS, Man PM, Jones D, Heldsinger D, Mastrangelo CH, Burke DT (1998) Science 282:484–487
Zeng SL, Chen CH, Santiago JG, Chen JR, Zare RN, Tripp JA, Svec F, Frechet JM (2002) Sens Actuators B 82:209–212
Woollery AT, Hadley D, Landre P, deMello AJ, Mathies RA, Northrup MA (1996) Anal Chem 68:4081–4086
Anderson RC (2000) Nucleic Acids Res 28:e60
Kartalov EP, Quake SR (2004) Nucleic Acids Res 32:2873–2879
Liu RH, Yang J, Lenigk R, Bonanno J, Grodzinski P (2004) Anal Chem 76(7):1824–1831
Huang SC, Lee GB, Chien FC, Chen SJ, Chen WJ, Yang MC (2006) J Micromech Microeng 16:1251–1257
Lei KF, Law WC, Suen YK, Li WC,Yam Y, Ho H, Kong SK (2007) Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. pp. 129–141
Liu YJ, Yao DJ, Lin HD ,Chang WY, Chang HY (2008) J Micromech Microeng 18:1–7
Chang YH, Lee GB, Huang FC, Chen YY, Lin JL (2006) Biomed Microdevices 8:215–25
Wheeler AR, Moon H, Bird CA, Loo RR, Kim CJ, Loo JA, Garrell RL (2005) Anal Chem 77:534–540
Linder V, Sia SK, Whitesides GM (2005) Anal Chem 77:64–71
Woolley AT, Lao K (1998) Anal Chem 70:684–688
Colyer CL, Harrison D (1997) Electrophoresis 18:1733–1741
Martin P, Matson D (1998) Proc SPIE 3515:172–176
Glasgow IK, Beebe DJ, White VE (1999) Sens Mater 11(5):269–273
Soper SA, Henry AC, Vaidya B, Galloway M, Wabuyele M, McCarley RL (2002) Anal Chim Acta 55:87–99
Eddings MA, Johnson MA, Gale BK (2008) J Micromech Microeng 18:1–4
Lee S, Jiang Y (2001) Anal Chem 73:2048–2053
Locascio L, Perso (1999) J Chromathogr A 857:275–284
Zhang ZB, Luo Y, Wang XD, Zhang ZQ, Wang LD (2008) Ultrasonic bonding of polymer microfluidic chips. Paper presented at the international conference on electronic packaging technology & high density packaging (ICEPT-HDP 2008)
Chantal G, Khan M (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem 385:1351–1361
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brennan, D., Justice, J., Corbett, B. et al. Emerging optofluidic technologies for point-of-care genetic analysis systems: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 395, 621–636 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2826-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2826-5