Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A review of the effects of dopaminergic agents on humans, animals, and drug-seeking behavior, and its implications for medication development

Focus on GBR 12909

  • Proceedings of the Symposium Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse Cocaine and Methamphetamine held in Nice, France, August 19–20, 1993
  • Published:
Molecular Neurobiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Medication development for cocaine abuse has focused on potential mechanisms of action related to the abuse of cocaine. The hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is the key neurochemical mediator of cocaine’s addictive and reinforcing effects is well supported by a wide variety of data from animal studies. On the other hand, medications that increase DA or block its actions in humans can produce effects that appear incompatible with this hypothesis. This article reviews these incompatibilities between animal and human data with a focus on the DAergic actions of drugs, including DA reuptake inhibitors, direct DA agonists, DA increasers, and DA antagonists. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, and the potential role of high-affinity DA uptake inhibitors, such as GBR12909, for pharmacotherapeutic application to treat cocaine abuse is discussed. Since progress in developing pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine addiction in humans is likely to come from understanding its mechanisms of action, it is clear that further research on the effects of cocaine in humans and animals will be critical to the medication development effort.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • (1991)Physicians’ Desk Reference, Edward R. Barnhart, Oradell, NJ.

  • Agnoli A., Baldassarre M., Ruggieri S., Falaschi P., Urso R. D., and Rocco A. (1981) Prolactin response as an index of dopaminergic receptor function in Parkinson’s disease. Correlation with clinical findings and therapeutic response.J. Neural. Trans. 51, 123–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akunne H. C., de Costa B. R., Jacobson A. E., Rice K. C., and Rothman R. B. (1992) [3H]Cocaine labels a binding site associated with the serotonin transporter in guinea pig brain: allosteric modulation by paroxetine.Neurochem. Res. 17, 1275–1283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen P. H. (1987) Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of [3H]GBR12935 binding in vitro to rat striatal membranes: labeling of the dopamine uptake complex.J. Neurochem. 48, 1887–1896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen P. H. (1989) The dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR12909: selectivity and molecular mechanism of action.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 166, 493–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ator N. A. and Griffiths R. R. (1993) Differential sensitivity to midazolam discriminative-stimulus effects following self-administered versus response-independent midazolam.Psychopharmacol. 110, 1–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldessarini R. (1990) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, inGoodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Gilman A. G., Rall T. W., Nies A. S., and Taylor P., eds.), Pergamon, New York, pp. 383–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balster R. L. (1991) Drug abuse potential evaluation in animals.Br. J. Addict. 86, 1549–1558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter B. L., Gluckman M. I., Stein L., and Scerni R. A. (1974) Self-injection of apomorphine in the rat: positive reinforcement by a dopamine receptor stimulant.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2, 387–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman J., Kamien J. B., and Spealman R. D. (1990) Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by selective D1 and D2 antagonists.Behav. Pharmacol. 1, 355–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchine J. R. (1980)Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease: Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, McMillan, New York, p. 484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boja J. W., Mitchell W. M., Patel A., Kopajtic T. A., Carroll F. I., Lewin A. H., Abraham P., and Kuhar M. J. (1992) High affinity binding of [125I]RTI-55 to dopamine and serotonin transporters in rat brain.Synapse 12, 27–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady K., Anton R., Ballenger J. C., Lydiard R. B., Adinoff B., and Selander J. (1990) Cocaine abuse among schizophrenic patients.Am. J. Psych. 147, 1164–1167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown E. E., Robertson G. S., and Fibiger H. C. (1992) Evidence for conditional neuronal activation following exposure to a cocainepaired environment: role of forebrain limbic structures.J. Neurosci. 12, 4112–4121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunt G., Galanter M., Lifshutz H., and Castaneda R. (1990) Cocaine/ “crack” dependence among psychiatric inpatients.Am. J. Psych. 147, 1542–1546.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher S. P., Fairbrother I. S., Kelly J. S., and Arbuthnott G. W. (1990) Effects of selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the in vivo release and metabolism of dopamine in the rat striatum.J. Neurochem. 55, 981–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camanni F., Genazzani A. R., De Leo V., Molinatti G. M., Campagnoli C., Cocchi D., and Müller E. E. (1981) Effect of two indirectly acting dopamine agonists on prolactin secretion in normo- and hyperprolactinemic subjects: comparison with the effect of nomifensine.Neuroendocrinology 33, 300–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum J. M. and Schleifer L. S. (1990) Drugs for Parkinson’s disease, spasticity and acute muscle spasms, inGoodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therpaeutics (Gilman A. G., Rall T. W., Nies A. S., and Taylor P., eds.), Pergamon, New York, pp. 463–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait L. D., Uhlenhuth E. H., and Johanson C. E. (1987) Reinforcing and subjective effects of several anorectics in normal human volunteers.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 242, 777–783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childress A. R., McLellan A. T., Ehrman R. N., and O’Brien C. P. (1986) Extinction of conditioned responses in abstinent cocaine or opioid abusers.NIDA. Res. Monogr. 76, 189–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Church W. H., Justice J. B. Jr., and Byrd L. D. (1987) Extracellular dopamine in rat striatum following uptake inhibition by cocaine, nomifensine and benztropine.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 139, 345–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colpaert F. C., Niemegeers C. J. E., and Janssen P. A. J. (1980) Evidence that a preferred substrate for type B monoamine oxidase mediates stimulus properties of MAO inhibitors: a possible role for β-phenylethylamine in the cocaine cue.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 13, 513–517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colzi A., dAgostini F., Kettler R., Borroni E., and Da Prada M. (1990) Effect of selective and reversible MAO inhibitors on dopamine outflow in rat striatum: a microdialysis study.J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 32, 79–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox M., Garrick N., Reite M., and Gennaro M. (1991) Minipump clorgyline administration and CSF amine metabolites in unrestrained monkeys.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38, 677–679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham K. A. and Callahan P. M. (1991) Monoamine reuptake inhibitors enhance the discriminative state induced by cocaine in the rat,Psychopharmacology 104, 177–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dackis C. A. and Gold M. S. (1985) New concepts in cocaine addiction: the dopamine depletion hypothesis.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 9, 469–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dackis C. A., Gold M. S., Daview R. K. and Sweeney D. R. (1985) Bromocriptine treatment for cocaine abuse: the dopamine depletion hypothesis.Int. J. Psych. Med. 15, 125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallabonzana D., Spelta B., Botalla L., Oppizzi G., Silvestrini F., Chiodini P. G., and Uuzzi A. (1982) Effects of nomifensine on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in normal subjects and in pathological hyperprolactinemia.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54, 1125–1128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De La Garza R. and Johanson C. E. (1982) Effects of haloperidol and physostigmine on selfadministration of local anesthetics.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17, 1295–1299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dersch C. M., Akunne H. C., Partilla J. S., Char G. H., de Costa B. R., Rice K. C., Carroll F. I., and Rothman R. B. (1994) Studies of the biogenic amine transporters. I. Dopamine reuptake blockers inhibit [3H]mazindol binding to the dopamine transporter by a competivite mechanism: preliminary evidence for different binding domains.Neurochem. Res. 19, 201–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon L., Haas G., Weiden P. J., Sweeney J., and Frances A. J. (1991) Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use.Am. J. Psych. 148, 224–230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin S. I., Peris J., Yasuda R. P., Philpott K., and Zahniser N. R. (1988) Neurobehavioral pharmacology of cocaine.NIDA Res. Monog. 88, 185–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettenberg A., Pettit H. O., Bloom F. E., and Koob G. F. (1982) Heroin and cocaine self-administration in rats: mediation by separate neural systems.Psychopharmacology 78, 204–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman M. W. and Foltin R. W. (1991) Utility of subjective-effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans.Br. J. Addict. 86, 1563–1570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman M. W. and Foltin R. W. (1992) Self-administration of cocaine by humans: a laboratory perspective.Ciba. Found. Symp. 166, 165–73; discuss.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gawin F. H. (1986) Neuroleptic reduction of cocaine-induced paranoia but not euphoria?Psychopharmacology 90, 142–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gawin F. H., Allen D., and Humblestone B. (1989) Outpatient treatment of ‘crack’ cocaine smoking with flupenthixol decanoate. A preliminary report.Arch. Gen. Psych. 46, 322–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George F. R., Elmer G. I., Meisch R. A., and Goldberg S. R. (1991) Orally delivered cocaine functions as a positive reinforcer in C57BL/6J mice.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38, 897–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith J. D., Carranza J., Griffith C., and Miller L. L. (1983) Bupropion: clinical assay for amphetamine-like abuse potential.J. Clin. Psychiat. 44, 206–208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadler A. J. (1972) Mazindol, a new non-amphetamine anorexigenic agent.J. Clin. Pharmacol. New Drugs 12, 453–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton M. J., Smith P. R., and Peck A. W. (1983) Effects of bupropion, nomifensine and dexamphetamine on performance, subjective feelings, autonomic variables and electroencephalogram in healthy volunteers.Br J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 367–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henninfield J. E. and Keenan R. M. (1993) Nicotine delivery systems determines kinetics and abuse liability.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61, 743–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell L. L. and Byrd L. D. (1991) Characterization of the effects of cocaine and GBR12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, on behavior in the squirrel monkey.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258, 178–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes C. E. and Branch M. N. (1991) Tolerance to and residual effects of cocaine in squirrel monkey depend on reinforcer schedule parameters.J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 56, 345–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson C. E. and Fischman M. W. (1989) The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse.Pharmacol. Rev. 41, 3–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson C. E., Kandal C. E., and Bonese K. F. (1976) The effects of perphenazine on self-administration behavior.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4, 427–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson K. M., Bergmann J. S., and Kozikowski A. P. (1992) Cocaine and dopamine differentially protect [3H]mazindol binding sites from alkylation byN-ethylmaleimide.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 227, 411–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley A. E. and Lang C. G. (1989) Effects of GBR 12909, a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor, on motor activity and operant behavior in the rat.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 167, 385–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourn M. R., Carey J. E., Koeppe R. A., Haka M. S., Hutchins G. D., Sherman P. S., and Kuhl D. E. (1989) Biodistribution, dosimetry, metabolism and monkey PET studies of [18F]GBR13119. Imaging the dopamine uptake system in vivo.Int. J. Appl. Appl. Instrum. [B] 16(6), 569–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama S., Shimada S., Xu H., Markham L., Donovan D. M., and Uhl G. R. (1992) Dopamine transporter site-directed mutations differentially alter substrate transport and cocaine binding.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7782–7785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleven M. S. and Woolverton W. L. (1990a) Effects of bromocriptine and desipramine on behavior maintained by cocaine or food presentation in rhesus monkeys.Psychopharmacology 101, 208–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleven M. S. and Woolverton W. L. (1990b) Effects of continuous infusions of SCH23390 on cocaineor food-maintained behavior in rhesus monkeys.Behav. Pharmacology 1, 365–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleven M. S. and Woolverton W. L. (1993) Effects of three monoamine uptake inhibitors on behavior maintained by cocaine or food presentation in rhesus monkeys.Drug. Alcohol. Depend. 31, 149–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleven M. S., Anthony E. W., and Woolverton W. L. (1990) Pharmacological characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 254, 312–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolar A. F., Brown B. S., Weddington W. W., Haertzen C. C., Michaelson B. S., and Jaffe J. H. (1992) Treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance clients: a pilot study comparing the efficacy of desipramine and amantadine.Int. J. Addict. 27, 849–868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koob G. F., Le H. T., and Creese I. (1987a) D-1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 increases cocaine self-administration in the rat.Neurosci. Lett. 79, 315–321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koob G. F., Vaccarion F. J., Amalric M., and Bloom F. E. (1987b) Positive reinforcement properties of drugs: search for neural substrates, inBrain Reward Systems and Abuse (Engel J. and Oreland L., eds.), Raven, New York, pp. 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosten T. R., Morgan C. M., Falcione J., and Schottenfeld R. S. (1992) Pharmacotherapy for cocaine-abusing methadone-maintained patients using amantadine or desipramine.Arch. Gen. Psych. 49, 894–898.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhar M. J., Ritz M. C., and Boja J. W. (1991) The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine.Trends Neurosci. 14, 299–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb R. J. and Griffiths R. R. (1990) Self-administration in baboons and the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of bupropion, nomifensine, diclofensine and imipramine.Psychopharmacology 102, 183–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb R. J., Preston K. L., Schindler C. W., Meisch R. A., Davis F., Katz J. L., Henningfield J. E., and Goldberg S. R. (1991) The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 259, 1165–1173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madras B. K., Fahey M. A., Bergman J., Canfield D. R., and Spealman R. D. (1989) Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. I. [3H]Cocaine binding sites in caudate-putamen.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 131–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masala A., Alagna S., Devilla L., Delitala G., and Rovasio P. P. (1980) Inhibition of prolactin secretion by nomifensine in man.Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 12, 237–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice T., Barbanel G., Kamenka J.-M., and Vignon J. (1991) Modulation by dopamine of [3H]N-[1-(2-benzo(b)thiophenyl)cyclo-hexyl]piperidine ([3H]BTCP, a phencyclidine derivative) binding to the dopamine uptake complexNeuropharmacol. 30, 591–598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McElvain J. S. and Schenk J. O. (1992) A multi-substrate mechanism of striatal dopamine uptake and its inhibition by cocaine.Biochem. Pharmacol. 43, 2189–2199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meert T. F., Awouters F., Niemegeers C. J., Schellekens K. H., and Janssen P. A. (1991) Ritanserin reduces abuse of alcohol, cocaine, and fentanyl in rats.Pharmacopsychiatry 24, 159–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch R. A., George F. R., and Lemaire G. A. (1990) Orally delivered cocaine as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35, 245–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melia K. F. and Spealman R. D. (1991) Pharmacological characterization of the discriminative-stimulus effects of GBR 12909.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258, 626–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller L. and Griffith J. (1983) A comparison of bupropion, dextroamphetamine, and placebo in mixed-substance abusers.Psychopharmacology 80, 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minuto F., Barbarino A., Baviera G., Mazzocchi G., De Marinis L., Leonardi R., Bernasconi D., Menini E., Maira G., Anile C., et al. (1984) Multicentric experience on the acute effect of nomifensine in hyperprolactinemic women.J. Endocrinol. Invest. 7, 137–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D. L. (1978) Substrate-selective monoamine oxidases-inhibitor, tissue, species and functional differences.Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 1889–1893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D. L. and Kalin N. H. (1980) Biological and behavioral consequences of alterations in monoamine oxidase activity.Schizophr. Bull. 6, 355–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D. L., Garrick N. A., Aulakh C. S., and Cohen R. M. (1984) New contributions from basic science to understanding the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressants.J. Clin. Psychiat. 45, 37–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagoshi C., Kumor K. M., and Muntaner C. (1992) Test-retest stability of cardiovascular and subjective responses to intravenous cocaine in humans.Br. J. Addict. 87, 591–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomikos G. G., Damsma G., Wenkstern D., and Fibiger H. C. (1990) In vivo characterization of locally applied dopamine uptake inhibitors by striatal microdialysis.Synapse 6, 106–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien C. P., Ehrman R. N., and Towes J. W. (1986) Classical conditioning in human opioid dependence, inBehavioral Analyses of Drug Dependence (Goldberg S. R. and Stolerman J. P., eds.), Academic, Orlando, FL, pp. 329–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parrott A. C., Hindmarch I., and Stonier P. D. (1982) Nomifensine, clobazam and HOE 8476: effects on aspects of psychomotor performance and cognitive ability.Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. 23, 309–313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peck A. W. and Hamilton M. (1983) Psychopharmacology of bupropion in normal volunteers.J. Clin. Psychiat. 44, 202–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pert A., Post R. M., and Weiss S. R. B. (1990) Conditioning as a critical determinant of sensitization induced by psychomotor stimulants.NIDA. Res. Monogr. 97, 208–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reith M. E., Sershen H., and Lajtha A. (1981) Binding of [3H]cocaine in mouse brain: kinetics and saturability.J. Recept. Res. 2, 233–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick R. B. and Resnick E. (1986) Psychological issues in the treatment of cocaine abuse.NIDA. Res. Monogr. 67, 290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickels K., Weise C. C., Sandler K., Schless A., Zal M., and Norstad N. (1982) Nomifensine, imipramine and placebo in depressed outpatients.Int. Pharmacopsychiatry 17, 73–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risner M. E. and Silcox D. L. (1981) Psycho-stimulant self-administration by beagle dogs in a progressive-ratio paradigm.Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 75, 25–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz M. C., Lamb R. J., Goldberg S. R., and Kuhar M. J. (1987) Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine.Science 237, 1219–1223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D. C. and Vickers G. (1984) Atypical neuroleptics increase self-administration of cocaine: an evaluation of a behavioural screen for antipsychotic activity.Psychopharmacology 82, 135–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D. C. S. and Koob G. F. (1982) Disruption of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions of the ventral tegmentum area in rats.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17, 901–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D. C. S., Corcoran M. E., and Fibiger H. C. (1977) On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6, 615–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman R. B. (1990) High affinity dopamine reuptake blockers as potential cocaine antagonists: a strategy for drug development.Life Sci. 46, PL17-PL21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman R. B., Mele A., Reid A. A., Akunne H., Greig N., Thurkauf A., Rice K. C., and Pert A. (1989) Tight binding dopamine reuptake inhibitors as cocaine antagonists. A strategy for drug development [published erratum appears inFEBS Lett. Jan 15, 1990;260(1), 152].FEBS. Lett. 257, 341–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman R. B., Mele A., Reid A. A., Akunne H. C., Greig N., Thurkauf A., de Costa, B. R., Rice K. C., and Pert A. (1991) GBR1 2909 antagonizes the ability of cocaine to elevate extracellular levels of dopamine.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40, 387–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman R. B., Greig N., Kim A., de Costa B. R., Rice K. C., Carroll F. I., and Pert A. (1992) Cocaine and GBR12909 produce equivalent motoric responses at different occupancy of the dopamine transporter.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43, 1135–1142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman R. B., Gorelick D. A., Baumann M. H., Guo X. Y., Herning R. I., Pickworth W. B., Gendron T. M., Koeppl B., Thomson L. E. III, and Henningield J. E. (1994) Lack of evidence for context-dependent cocaine-induced sensitization in humans: preliminary studies.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49, 583–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannerud C. A. and Griffiths R. R. (1988) Amantadine: evaluation of reinforcing properties and effect on cocaine self-injection in baboons.Drug Alcohol Depend. 21, 195–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneier F. R. and Siris S. G. (1987) A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia. Patterns of drug choice.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 175, 641–652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekiya K., Okajima T., Kato K., and Ibayashi H. (1984) Acute effects of mazindol on the secretion of ACTH, beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin and cortisol in man.Endocrinol. Jpn. 31, 523–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers E. M., Otton S. V., and Busto U. E. (1991) Drug metabolism and interactions in abuse liability assessment.Br. J. Addict. 86, 1607–1614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sevy S., Kay S. R., Opler L. A., and van Praag H. M. (1990) Significance of cocaine history in schizophrenia.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 178, 642–648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shekim W. O., Masterson A., Cantwell D. P., Hanna G. L., and McCracken J. T. (1989) Nomifensine maleate in adult attention deficit disorder.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 177, 296–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherer M. A., Kumor K. M., and Jaffe J. H. (1989) Effects of intravenous cocaine are partially attenuated by haloperidol.Psychiatry Res. 27, 117–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skjoldager P., Winger G., and Woods J. H. (1993) Effects of GBR 12909 and cocaine on cocainemaintained behavior in rhesus monkeys.Drug Alcohol Depend. 33, 31–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sögaard U., Michalow J., Butler B., Lund Laursen A., Ingersen S. H., Skrumsager B. K., and Rafaelsen O. J. (1990) A tolerance study of single and multiple dosing of the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 in healthy subjects.Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 5, 237–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff P., Giros B., Martres M. P., Bouthenet M. L., and Schwartz J. C. (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics.Nature 347, 146–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spealman R. D., Madras B. K., and Bergman J. (1989) Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. II. Stimulant effects on schedule-controlled behavior.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 142–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spyraki C. and Fibiger H. C. (1981) Intravenous self-administration of nomifensine in rats: implications for abuse potential in humans.Science 212, 1167–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern W. C., Harto-Truax N., Rogers J., and Miller L. (1982) Clinical profile of the novel antidepressant bupropion.Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 32, 21–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunahara R. K., Guan H. C., O’Dowd B. F., Seeman P., Laurier L. G., Ng G., George S. R., Torchia J., Van Tol H. H., and Niznik H. B. (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1.Nature 350, 614–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland T., Tariot P. N., Cohen R. M., Newhouse P. A., Mellow A. M., Mueller E. A., and Murphy D. L. (1987) Dose-dependent effects of deprenyl on CSF monoamine metabolites in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Psychopharmacology 91, 293–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tariot P. N., Cohen R. M., Sunderland T., Newhouse P. A., Yount D., Mellow A. M., Weingartner H., Mueller E. A., and Murphy D. L. (1987) L-deprenyl in Alzheimer’s disease. Preliminary evidence for behavioral change with monoamine oxidase B inhibition.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 427–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatham T. A. and Barrett J. E. (1993) Shock avoidance but not DRL history reverses the effect of cocaine on punished behavior of squirrel monkeys.Behav. Pharmacol. 4, 159–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatham T. A., Gyorda A. M., and Barrett J. E. (1993) Generalization of behavioral history across responses in the reversal of the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on punished behavior of squirrel monkeys.Behav. Pharmacol. 4, 61–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedroff J., Aquilonius S. M., Hartvig P., Lundqvist H., Gee A. G., Uhlin J., and Langström B. (1988) Monoamine re-uptake sites in the human brain evaluated in vivo by means of11C-nomifensine and positron emission tomography: the effects of age and Parkinson’s disease.Acta Neurol. Scand. 77, 192–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson D. A., Lilavivat U., and Campbell R. G. (1981) Suppression of prolactin and growth hormone responses to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced glucoprivation by mazindol in humans. Pharmacological studies with several analogs of mazindol: correlation between effects on dopamine uptake and various in vivo responses.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 71, 277–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Tol H. H. M., Bunzow J. R., Guan H. C., Sunahara R. K., Seeman P., Niznik H. B., and Civelli O. (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human D4 receptor with a high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine.Nature 350, 610–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weddington W. W. Jr., Brown B. S., Haerken C. A., Hess J. M., Mahaffey J. R., Kolar A. F., and Jaffe J. H. (1991) Comparison of amantadine and desipramine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence.Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 17, 137–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westerink B. H., Damsma G., De Vries J. B., and Koning H. (1987) Doamine re-uptake inhibitors show inconsistent effects on the in vivo release of dopamine as measured by intracerebral dialysis in the rat.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 135, 123–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman P. D., Peck A. W., Fowle A. S., and Smith P. R. (1983) Failure of bupropion to affect prolactin or growth hormone in man.J. Clin. Psychiat. 44, 209–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M. C. and Schuster C. R. (1972) The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey.Psychopharmacologia 26, 115–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M. C. and Schuster C. R. (1973) The effects of stimulants and depressants on cocaine selfadministration behavior in the rhesus monkey.Psychopharmacologia 31, 291–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M. C. and Schuster C. R. (1976) Mazindol self-administration in the rhesus monkey.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4, 207–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong D. F., Yung B., Dannals R. F., Shaya E. K., Ravert H. T., Chen C. A., Chan B., Folio T., Scheffel U., and Kuhar M. J. (1993) In-vivo imaging of baboon and human dopamine transporters by positron emission tomography using [11C]WIN 35,428.Synapse 15, 130–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods J. H., Herling S., and Winger G. (1978) Chlorpromazine- and haloperidol-induced changes in some behavioral effects of cocaine and amphetamine, inNeuro-psychopharmacology, Proceedings of the Tenth Congress of Collegium International Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (Deniker P., Radouco-Thomas C., and Villeneuve A., eds.), Pergamon, New York, pp. 1485–1502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods J. H., Katz J. L., Medzihradsky F., Smith C. B., and Winger G. D. (1983) Evaluation of new compounds for opioid activity: 1982 annual report.Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse Res. Monogr. Ser. 43, 457–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods J. H., Winger G. D., and France C. P. (1987) Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine: analysis of pharmacological mechanisms, inCocaine: Clinical and Biobehavioral Aspects (Fisher S., Raskin A., and Uhlenhuth E. H., eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 21–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolverton W. L. and Balster R. L. (1981) Effects of antipsychotic compounds in rhesus monkeys given a choice between cocaine and food.Drug Alcohol Depend. 8, 69–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolverton W. L. and Virus R. M. (1989) The effects of a D1 and D2 antagonist on behavior maintained by cocaine or food.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 691–698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolverton W. L., Goldberg L. I., and Ginos J. Z. (1984) Intravenous self-administration of dopamine receptor agonists by rhesus monkeys.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230, 678–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yakabow A. L., Hardiman S., and Nash R. J. (1984) An overview of side effects and longterm experience with nomifensine from United States clinical trials.J. Clin. Psychiat. 45, 96–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokel R. A. and Wise R. A. (1978) Amphetaminetype reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat.Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 58, 289–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziedonis D. M. and Kosten T. R. (1991) Pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcome in depressed cocaine addicts.J. Psychoactive Drugs 23, 417–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuccarelli R. R. and Barrett J. E. (1980) A comparison of the effects of d-amphetamine, cocaine, imipramine and pentobarbital on local and overall rates of responding maintained under a four component multiple fixed-interval schedule.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 121, 899–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinicla Psychopharmacology Section, IRP, NIDA, NIH, PO Box 5180, 21224, Baltimore, MD

    Richard B. Rothman

  2. Behavioral Pharmacology Unit, LMC/NIDDK/NIH, 20892, Bethesda, MD

    John R. Glowa

Authors
  1. Richard B. Rothman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John R. Glowa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rothman, R.B., Glowa, J.R. A review of the effects of dopaminergic agents on humans, animals, and drug-seeking behavior, and its implications for medication development. Mol Neurobiol 11, 1–19 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02740680

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02740680

Index Entries

Search

Navigation