Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal associations and implications for plant growth

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biology and Fertility of Soils Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The impact of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 upon plant physiology has been widely investigated. Plant, and in particular root, growth is nearly always enhanced as a direct consequence of CO2 enrichment, with C3 species generally more responsive than C4 species. Such alterations in plant productivity will have consequence for below-ground processes and increased carbon allocation to the roots may favour symbiotic relationships. This paper discusses the current information available for the consequences of these changes upon mycorrhizal relationships. Generally mycorrhizal plants grown under CO2 enrichment show enhanced phosphorus uptake but nitrogen uptake is unaffected. This increased nutrient uptake is not correlated with increased mycorrhizal colonization of the roots. Similarly root exudation does not increase under CO2 enrichment but qualitative differences have yet to be assessed. However, it is predicted that total rhizodeposition of materials will increase as will litter inputs, although mineral and biochemical alterations to these plant derived inputs may occur. The consequences of such changes within the rhizosphere are discussed and future research

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ames RN, Reid CPP, Porter LK, Cambardella C (1983) Hyphal uptake and transport of nitrogen from two 15N-labelled sources by Glomus mosseae, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 95:381–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Berntson GM, McConnaughay KDM, Bazzaz FA (1993) Elevated CO2 alters deployment of roots in ‘small’ growth containers. Oecologia94:558–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethlenfalvay GJ, Pacovsky RS, Bayne HG, Stafford AE (1982) Interactions between nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizal colonization, and host-plant growth in the Phaseolus-Rhizobium-Glomus symbiosis. Plant Physiol 70:446–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethlenfalvay GJ, Franson RL, Brown MS, Mihara KL (1989) The Glycine-Glomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. IX. Nutritional, morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to geographic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Physiol Plant 76:226–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen GD (1994) The ecology of ectomycorrhiza formation and functioning. Plant and Soil 159:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1991) The rhizosphere, the hidden half of the hidden half. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds) Plant roots, the hidden half. Marcel Dekken, New York, pp 641–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowes G (1993) Facing the inevitable: Plants and increasing atmospheric CO2. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44:309–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler JM, Press MC (1993) Growth responses of two contrasting upland grass species to elevated CO2 and nitrogen concentration. New Phytol 124:515–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley R, Burt AJ, Read DJ (1982) The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae VIII. The role of mycorrhizal infection in heavy metal resistance. New Phytol91:197–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Buwalda JG, Goh KM (1982) Host-fungus competition for carbon as a cause of growth depressions in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal ryegrass. Soil Biol Biochem 14:103–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceulemans R, Mousseau M (1994) Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on woody plants. New Phytol 127:425–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Cipollini ML, Drake BG, Whigham D (1993) Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and carbon/nutrient balance in the deciduous woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (Lauraceae). Oecologia 96:339–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Conroy JP (1992) Influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant nutrition. Aust J Bot 40:445–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Conroy JP, Milham PJ, Reed ML, Barlow EW (1990) Increases in phosphorus requirements of CO2-enriched pine species. Plant Physiol 92:977–982

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KM, Tinker PB (1978) Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. II. Uptake and translocation of phosphorus, zinc and sulphur. New Phytol 81:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Coûteaux M-M, Mousseau M, Célérier M-L, Bottner P (1991) Increased atmospheric CO2 and litter quality: Decomposition of sweet chestnut leaf litter with animal food webs of different complexities. Oikos 61:54–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PS, Balduman LM, Drake BG, Whigham DF (1990) Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on belowground processes in C3 snd C4 estuarine marsh communities. Ecology 71:2001–2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PS, Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Teeri JA (1994) Above- and below-ground response of Populus grandidentata to elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil N availability. Plant and Soil 165:45–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies FT Jr, Potter JR, Linderman RG (1992) Mycorrhiza and repeated drought exposure affect drought resistance and extraradical hyphae development of pepper plants independent of plant size and nutrient content. J Plant Physiol 139:289–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz S, Grime JP, Harris J, McPherson E (1993) Evidence of a feedback mechanism limiting plant response to elevated carbon dioxide. Nature 364:616–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Dighton J, Jansen AE (1991) Atmospheric pollutants and ectomycorrhizae: More questions than answers? Environ Pollut 73:179–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Dighton J, Thomas ED, Latter PM (1987) Interactions between tree roots, mycorrhizas, a saprotrophic fungus and the decomposition of organic substrates in a microcosm. Biol Fertil Soils 4:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Peterson RL, Ellis BE (1987) The accumulation of plant-produced antimicrobial compounds in response to ectomycorrhizal fungi: A review. Phytoprotection 68:17–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Duponnois R, Garbaye J, Bouchard D, Churin JL (1993) The fungus-specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil fumigation for ectomycorrhizal inoculation of bare-root Douglas-fir planting stocks with Laccaria laccata. Plant and Soil 157:257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Eamus D, Jarvis PG (1989) The direct effects of increase in the global atmospheric CO2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees and forests. Adv Ecol Res 19:1–55

    Google Scholar 

  • El Kohen A, Rouhier H, Mousseau M (1992) Changes in dry weight and nitrogen partitioning induced by elevated CO2 depend on soil nutrient availability in sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill). Ann Sci For 49:83–90

    Google Scholar 

  • El Kohen A, Venet L, Mousseau M (1993) Growth and photosynthesis of two deciduous forest species at elevated carbon dioxide. Funct Ecol 7:480–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay RD, Frostegård Å, Sonnerfeldt A-M (1992) Utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. New Phytol 120:105–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis R, Read DJ (1994) The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant community structure. Plant and Soil 159:11–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil RL, Gadgil PD (1971) Mycorrhiza and litter decomposition. Nature (London) 233:133

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil RL, Gadgil PD (1975) Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of Pinus radiata. N Z J For Sci 5:33–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammon RH, Sundquist ET, Fraser PJ (1985) History of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In: Trabalka JR (ed) Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global carbon cycle. US Dept Energy, Washington, DC DOE/ER-0239

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbaye J, Bowen GD (1989) Stimulation of ectomycorrhizal infection of Pinus radiata by some microorganisms associated with the mantle of ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 112:383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia RL, Idso SB, Wall GW, Kimball BA (1994) Changes in net photosynthesis and growth of Pinus eldarica seedlings in response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Plant Cell Environ 17:971–978

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE, Carney JL, Hedrick HG (1982) The effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on respiration of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Can J For Res 12:141–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudriaan J, de Ruiter HE (1983) Plant growth in response to CO2 enrichment, at two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. 1. Dry matter, leaf area and development. Neth J Agric Sci 31:157–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffioen WAJ, Iestwaart JH, Ernst WHO (1994) Mycorrhizal infection of an Agrostis capillaris population on a copper contaminated soil. Plant and Soil 158:83–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Grodzinski B (1992) Plant nutrition and growth regulation by CO2 enrichment. BioScience 42:517–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Grulke NE, Hom JL, Roberts SW (1993) Physiological adjustment of two full-sib families of ponderosa pine to elevated CO2. Tree Physiol 12:391–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson CA, Norby RJ, Wullschleger SD (1993) Foliar gas exchange responses of two deciduous hardwoods during 3 years of growth in elevated CO2: No loss of photosynthetic enhancement. Plant Cell Environ 16:797–807

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson CA, Wullschleger SD (1994) Photosynthetic acclimation in trees to raising atmospheric CO2: A broader perspective. Photo Res 39:369–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley JL (1984) The mycorrhizal associations. In: Linskens HF, Heslop-Harrison J (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 17. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 148–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley JL, Smith SE (1983) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocking PJ, Meyer CP (1985) Responses of Noogoora burr (Xanthium occidentale Bertol.) to nitrogen supply and carbon dioxide enrichment. Ann Bot 55:835–844

    Google Scholar 

  • Idso KE, Idso SB (1994) Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: A review of the past 10 years' research. Agric For Meteorol 69:153–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Ineichen K, Wiemken V, Wiemken A (1995) Shoots, roots and ectomycorrhiza formation of pine seedlings at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 18:703–707

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsen I, Abbott LK, Robson AD (1992) External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 2. Hyphal transport of 32P over defined distances. New Phytol 120:509–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayachandran K, Schwab AP, Hetrick BAD (1992) Mineralization of organic phosphorus by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 24:897–903

    Google Scholar 

  • King AW, Emanuel WR, Post WM (1992) Projecting future concentrations of atmospheric CO2 with global carbon cycle models: The importance of simulating historical changes. Environ Manage 16:91–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Kömer C, Amone JA (1992) Responses to elevated carbon dioxide in artificial tropical ecosystems. Science 257:1672–1675

    Google Scholar 

  • Kömer C, Diemer M (1994) Evidence that plants from high altitudes retain their greater photosynthetic efficiency under elevated CO2. Funct Ecol 8:58–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Kothari SK, Marschner H, Römheld V (1991) Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zine by maize grown in a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil 131:177–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamborg MR, Hardy RWF, Paul EA (1983) Microbial effects. In: Lemon ER (ed) CO2 and plants: The response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Am Assoc Adv Sci. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, pp 131–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Larigauderie A, Reynolds JF, Strain BR (1994) Root response to CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply in loblolly pine. Plant and Soil 165:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavola A, Julkunen-Tiitto R (1994) The effect of elevated carbon dioxide and fertilization on primary and secondary metabolites in birch, Betula pendula (Roth). Oecologia 99:315–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Leake JR, Read DJ (1989) The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae XV. The effect of mycorrhizal infection on calcium uptake by Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. New Phytol 113:535–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekkerkerk LJA, Van de Geijn SC, van Veen JA (1990) Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2-levels on the carbon economy of a soil planted with wheat. In: Bouwman AF (ed) Soils and the greenhouse effect. Wiley, Chichester, pp 435–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JD, Thomas RB, Strain BR (1994) Effect of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Plant and Soil 165:81–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu WP, Kirkham MB (1992) Ethylene evolved by C3 & C4 grasses with twice CO2. Plant Physiol (Suppl) 99:146

    Google Scholar 

  • Luxmoore RJ, O'Neill EG, Ells JM, Rogers HH (1986) Nutrient uptake and growth responses of Virginia pine to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. J Environ Qual 15:244–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloch DW, Pirozynski KA, Raven PH (1980) Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in vascular plants (a review). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2113–2118

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschner H, Dell B (1994) Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant and Soil 159:89–102

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnaughay KDM, Berntson GM, Bazzaz FA (1993) Limitations to CO2-induced growth enhancement in pot studies. Oecologia 94:550–557

    Google Scholar 

  • McKee IF, Woodward FI (1994) CO2 enrichment responses of wheat: Interactions with temperature, nitrate and phosphate. New Phytol 127:447–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelsen A, Rosendahl S (1990) The effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus and drought stress on the growth of Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. Plant and Soil 124:7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Monz CA, Hunt HW, Reeves FB, Elliott ET (1994) The response of mycorrhizal colonization to elevated CO2 and climate change in Pascopyrum smithii and Bouteloua gracilis. Plant and Soil 165:75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JA, Knight WG, Dudley LM, Hunt HW (1994) Enhanced root system C-sink activity, water relations and aspects of nutrient acquisition in mycotrophic Bouteloua gracilis subjected to CO2 enrichment. Plant and Soil 165:139–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousseau M (1993) Effects of elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and respiration of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). Vegetatio 104/105:413–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousseau M, Saugier B (1992) The direct effect of increased CO2 on gas exchange and growth of forest tree species. J Exp Bot 43:1121–1130

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ (1987) Nodulation and nitrogenase activity in nitrogen-fixing woody plants stimulated by CO2 enrichment of the atmosphere. Physiol Plant 71:77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ (1994) Issues and perspectives for investigating root responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant and Soil 165:9–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, Luxmoore RJ, O'Neill EG, Weller DG (1984) Plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 with emphasis on below-ground processes. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, p 141

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, O'Neill EG, Luxmoore RJ (1986) Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the growth and mineral nutrition of Quercus alba seedlings in nutrient-poor soil. Plant Physiol 82:83–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, O'Neill EG, Hood WG, Luxmoore RJ (1987) Carbon allocation, root exudation and mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus echinata seedlings grown under CO2 enrichment. Tree Physiol 3:203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, Gunderson CA, Wullschleger SD, O'Neill EG, McCracken MK (1992) Productivity and compensatory responses of yellow-poplar trees in elevated CO2. Nature 357:322–324

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG (1994) Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant and Soil 165:55–65

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG, Norby RJ (1988) Differential responses of ecto- and endomycorrhizae to elevated atmospheric CO2. Bull Ecol Soc Am 69(Suppl):248–249

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG, Norby RJ (1991) First-year decomposition dynamics of yellow-poplar leaves produced under CO2-enrichment. Bull Ecol Soc Am 72(Suppl):208

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG, Luxmoore RJ, Norby RJ (1987a) Increases in mycorrhizal colonization and seedling growth in Pinus echinata and Quercus alba in an enriched CO2 atmosphere. Can J For Res 17:878–883

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG, Luxmoore RJ, Norby RJ (1987b) Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on seedling growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere bacterial populations of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Plant and Soil 104:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill EG, O'Neill RV, Norby RJ (1991) Hierarchy theory as a guide to mycorrhizal research on large-scale problems. Environ Pollut 73:271–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Overdieck D (1993) Elevated CO2 and the mineral content of herbaceous and woody plants. Vegetatio 104/105:403–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson E, Rattray EAS, Killham K (1996) Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on C-partitioning and rhizosphere C-flow for three plant species. Soil Biol Biochem 28:195–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul EA, Kucey RMN (1981) Carbon flow in plant microbial associations. Science 213:473–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson JN, Jakobsen I (1993a) The relative contribution of hyphae and roots to phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, measured by dual labelling with 32P and 33P. New Phytol 124:489–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson JN, Jakobsen I (1993b) Symbiotic exchange of carbon and phosphorus between cucumber and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 124:481–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Soba M, Dueck TA, Puppi G, Kuiper PJC (1995) Interactions of elevated CO2, NH3 and O3 on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolism in saplings of Scots pine. Plant and Soil 176:107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin R (1990) Interactions between mycorrhizae and diseases caused by soil-borne fungi. Soil Use Manag 6:189–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Prior SA, Rogers HH, Runion GB, Mauney JR (1994) Effects of freeair CO2 enrichment on cotton root growth. Agric For Meteorol 70:69–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Rambelli A (1973) The rhizosphere of mycorrhizae. In: Marks GC, Kozlowski TT (eds) Ectomycorrhizae. Academic Press, New York, pp 299–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Read DJ, Koucheki HK, Hodgson J (1976) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in natural vegetation systems. New Phytol 77:641–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Read DJ, Leake JR, Langdale AR (1989) The nitrogen nutrition of mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. In: Boddy L, marchant R, Read DJ (eds) Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur utilization by fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 181–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice CW, Garcia FO, Hampton CO, Owensby CE (1994) Soil microbial response in tallgrass prairie to elevated CO2. Plant and Soil 165:67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers HH, Peterson CM, McCrimmon JN, Cure JD (1992a) Response of plant roots to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 15:749–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers HH, Prior SA, O'Neill EG (1992b) Cotton root and rhizosphere responses to free-air CO2 enrichment. Crit Rev Plant Sci 11:251–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers HH, Runion GB, Krupa SV (1994) Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. Environ Pollut 83:155–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Runion GB, Curl EA, Rogers HH, Backman PA, Rodriguez-Kábana R, Helms BE (1994) Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment of microbial populations in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of cotton. Agric For Meteorol 70:117–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Rygiewicz PT, Andersen CP (1994) Mycorrhizae alter quality and quantity of carbon allocated below ground. Nature (London) 369:58–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle GJA, Powell CE, Tewson V (1992) Effect of elevated CO2 on the photosynthesis, respiration and growth of perennial ryegrass. J Exp Bot 43:811–818

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson LJ, Seiler JR (1992) Interactive role of elevated CO2, nutrient limitations, and water stress in the growth responses of red spurce seedlings. For Sci 39:348–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Srivastava PC, Johri BN, Rathore VS (1992) Kinetics of zine uptake by mycorrhizal (VAM) and non-mycorrhizal corn (Zea mays L.) roots. Biol Fertil Soils 13:206–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart DR, Chatterton NJ, Bugbee B (1994) The influence of elevated CO2 on non-structural carbohydrate distribution and fructan accumulation in wheat canopies. Plant Cell Environ 17:435–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Stulen I, den Hertog J (1993) Root growth and functioning under atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Vegetatio 104/105:99–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas RB, Strain BR (1991) Root restriction as a factor in photosynthetic acclimation of cotton seedlings grown in elevated carbon dioxide. Plant Physiol 96:627–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson GB, Drake BG (1994) Insects and fungi on a C3 sedge and a C4 grass exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in open-top chambers in the field. Plant Cell Environ 17:1161–1167

    Google Scholar 

  • van Veen JA, Liljeroth E, Lekkerkerk LJA, van de Geijn SC (1991) Carbon fluxes in plant-soil systems at elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Ecol Appl 1: 175–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Whipps JM (1985) Effect of CO2 concentration on growth, carbon distribution and loss of carbon from the roots of maize. J Exp Bot 36:644–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong SC (1990) Elevated atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 and plant growth. II. Non-structural carbohydrate conten in cotton plants and its effect on growth parameters. Photo Res 23:171–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood CW, Torbert HA, Rogers HH, Runion GB, Prior SA (1994) Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on soil carbon and nitrogen. Agric For Meteorol 70:103–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Wullschleger SD, Norby RJ, Hendrix DL (1992) Carbon exchange rates, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate status of two forest tree species exposed to carbon dioxide enrichment. Tree Physiol 10:21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Curtis PS, Teeri JA, Fogel R, Randlett DL (1993) Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant and Soil 151:105–117

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, AB9 2QJ, Aberdeen, UK

    A. Hodge

Authors
  1. A. Hodge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hodge, A. Impact of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal associations and implications for plant growth. Biol Fertil Soils 23, 388–398 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00335912

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00335912

Key words

Search

Navigation