Abstract
Changes in messenger RNA during the development of the strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.), a non-climacteric fruit, were analysed by extracting total RNA and separating the in-vitro translated products by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alterations in numerous messenger RNAs accompanied fruit development between the immature green stage and the overripe stage, with prominent changes detected at or before the onset of ripening. A number of messenger RNAs undetectable in immature green fruit increased as the fruit matured and ripened. Others showed a marked decrease in advance of the ripening phase. A further group of messenger RNAs was prominent in immature and ripe fruit but absent just prior to the turning stage. Removing the achenes from a segment of the fruit accelerated anthocyanin accumulation in the de-achened portion and produced a pattern of translated polypeptides similar to normal ripe fruit. Application of the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to the de-achened receptacle produced a translation pattern similar to that in mature green fruit. These findings indicate that ripening in strawberry is associated with the expression of specific genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 2D-PAGE:
-
two dimensional gel electrophoresis
- NAA:
-
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
- POA:
-
phenoxyacetic acid
References
Abeles, F.B., Takeda, F. (1990) Cellulase activity and ethylene in ripening strawberry and apple fruits. Sci. Hort. 42, 269–275
Alonso, J.M., Garcia-Martinez, J.L., Chamarro, J. (1992). Two dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of total, in vivo labelled and in vitro translated polypeptides from orange flavedo during maturation and following ethylene treatment. Physiol. Plant. 85, 147–156
Archbold, D.D., Dennis, F.G. Jr. (1984) Quantification of free ABA and free and conjugated IAA in strawberry achene nd receptacle tissue during fruit development. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109, 330–335
Bradford, M.M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254
Callahan, A., Morgens, P., Walton E. (1989) Isolation and in vitro translation of RNAs from developing peach fruit. HortScience 24, 356–358
Christoffersen, R.E., Warm, E., Laties, G.G. (1982) Gene expression during fruit ripening in avocado. Planta 155, 52–57
Dopico, B., Lowe, A.L., Wilson, I.D., Merodio, C., Grierson, D. (1993) Cloning and characterization of avocado fruit mRNAs and their expression during ripening and low-temperature storage. Plant Mol. Biol. 21, 437–449
Given, N.K., Venis, M.A., Grierson, D. (1988a) Hormonal regulation of ripening in the strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit. Planta 174, 402–406
Given, N.K., Venis, M.A., Grierson, D. (1988b) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and anthocyanin synthesis in ripening strawberry fruit. J Plant Physiol. 133, 25–30
Given, N.K., Venis, M.A., Grierson, D. (1988c) Purification and properties of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from strawberry fruit and its synthesis during ripening. J. Plant Physiol. 133, 31–37
Gray, J., Picton, S., Shabbeer, J., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. (1992) Molecular biology of fruit ripening and its manipulation with antisense genes. Plant Mol. Biol 19, 69–87
Grierson, D. (1985) Gene expression in ripening tomato fruit. CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 3, 113–132
Hiscox, J.D., Israelstam, G.F. (1979) A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot. 57, 1332–1334
Hoad, G.V., Anderson, H.M., Guttridge, C.G., Sparks, T.R. (1971) Ethylene and the ripening of strawberry fruits. In: Bristol Univ. Long Ashton Res. Stat. Annu. Rept., pp. 33–34
Hubbard, N.L., Pharr, D.M., Huber, S.C. (1991) Sucrose phosphate synthase and other sucrose metabolizing enzymes in fruits of various species. Physiol. Plant. 82, 191–196
Jones, R.B., Wardley, T.M., Dalling, M.J. (1989) Molecular changes involved in the ripening of tomato fruit. J. Plant Physiol. 134, 284–289
Knee, M., Sargent, J.A., Osborne, D.J. (1977) Cell wall metabolism in developing strawberry fruits. J. Exp. Bot. 28, 377–396
Lay-Yee, M., Della Penna, D., Ross, G. S. (1990) Changes in mRNA and protein during ripening in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Golden Delicious). Plant Physiol. 94, 850–853
Lopez-Gomez, R., Gomez-Lim, M.A. (1992) Changes in mRNA and protein synthesis during ripening in mango fruit. J. Plant Physiol. 141, 82–87
Manning, K. (1991) Isolation of nucleic acids from plants by differential solvent precipitation. Anal. Biochem. 195, 45–50
Mehta, R.A., Parsons, B.L., Mehta, A.M., Nakhari, H.L., Mattoo, A.K. (1991) Differential protein metabolism and gene expression in tomato fruit during wounding stress. Plant Cell Physiol. 32, 1057–1065
Nitsch, J.P. (1950) Growth and morphogenesis of the strawberry as related to auxin. Am. J. Bot. 37, 211–215
O'Farrell, P.H. (1975) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007–4021
Rattanapanone, N., Grierson, D., Stein, M. (1977) Ribonucleic metabolism during the development and ripening of tomato fruits. Photochemistry 16, 629–633
Reddy, A.S.N., Jena, P.K., Mukherjee, S.K., Poovaiah, B.W. (1990) Molecular cloning of cDNAs for auxin-induced mRNAs and developmental expression of the auxin-inducible genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 14, 643–653
Reddy, A.S.N., Poovaiah, B.W. (1990) Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA for an auxin-repressed mRNA: correlation between fruit growth and repression of the auxin-regulated gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 14, 127–136
Slater, A., Maunders, M.J., Edwards, K., Schuch, W., Grierson, D. (1985) Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for tomato polygalacturonase and other ripening-related proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 5, 137–147
Wilson, I.D., Tucker, G.A., Knee, M., Grierson, D. (1990) Changes in mRNA during low temperature storage and ripening of pears. Phytochemistry 29, 2407–2409
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I would like to thank Prof. M.A. Venis (Horticulture Research International, Maidstone, Kent, UK) for his encouragement in this work and for his constructive criticism of the manuscript. This work was funded by the Agricultural and Food Research Council.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manning, K. Changes in gene expression during strawberry fruit ripening and their regulation by auxin. Planta 194, 62–68 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201035
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201035