Abstract
Landfill-mined soil-like fraction (LMSF) is the fraction of legacy municipal solid waste (MSW) obtained from landfill mining. LMSF is emerging as a potential sustainable fill material, due to its soil-like particle size distribution, and availability in large quantities in towns/cities. However, very limited efforts have been made in earlier studies to evaluate the geotechnical properties of LMSF and to ascertain its suitability as a sustainable fill material for various infrastructure projects. In this regard, the present study conducts a detailed experimental investigation to evaluate the physical, chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical properties of LMSF. It has been noted that the physical properties of LMSF are comparable to well-graded sand with gravel; however, the presence of organic matter introduces some cohesion and compressibility in LMSF. The evaluation of the geotechnical properties of LMSF suggests favourable shear strength characteristics with low compressibility; while the maximum dry unit weight has been observed to be relatively low. It is inferred from the study that LMSF with/without stabilization can be utilized as a potential fill material for different applications such as embankment, reinforced wall, subgrade improvement, general backfill, filling of low-lying areas and structural fill applications for low to moderate loading. Efforts have also been made to understand the sustainability aspects related to the utilization of LMSF in terms of environmental, social, and economic benefits, along with the challenges associated with LMSF. The findings of the study are quite encouraging for exploring LMSF as a sustainable fill material, a small step towards building sustainable infrastructure for the future.
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Data availability
Data can be made available on request to the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- AASHTO:
-
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
- As:
-
Arsenic
- ASTM:
-
American Standards for Testing of Materials
- BIS:
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
- c:
-
Cohesion
- C :
-
Economic cost of LMSF
- C’ :
-
Economic cost index
- Cc:
-
Compression index
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- CPCB:
-
Central Pollution Control Board
- Cr:
-
Slope of unloading curve from consolidation/compression test
- C ref :
-
Economic cost of reference material (Sand)
- CU:
-
Consolidated undrained
- Cu:
-
Copper
- E :
-
Environmental impact of LMSF
- E’ :
-
Environmental impact index
- ECO2 :
-
CO2 Emissions in kg per ton of material
- EDAX:
-
Energy dispersive X-Ray
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- E ref :
-
Environment impact of reference material (sand)
- EU:
-
European Union
- F LP :
-
Leaching potential factor
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared
- GP:
-
Poorly graded gravel
- GW:
-
Well-graded gravel
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- ICCT:
-
International Council on Clean Transportation
- ICP:
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy
- IGBC:
-
Indian Green Building Council
- IRC:
-
Indian Road Congress
- IS:
-
Indian Standards
- L :
-
Service life of LMSF
- L’ :
-
Service life index
- LMSF:
-
Landfill-mined soil-like fraction
- L ref :
-
Service life factor of reference material (sand)
- MSW:
-
Municipal solid waste
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- OWC:
-
Optimum water content
- Pb:
-
Lead
- PSD:
-
Particle size distribution
- R :
-
Performance of LMSF
- R’ :
-
Performance Index
- R l :
-
Shear strength of LMSF
- R ref :
-
Performance of reference material (sand)
- R s :
-
Shear strength of sand
- S l :
-
Settlement ratio for LMSF
- SP:
-
Poorly graded sand
- S s :
-
Settlement ratio for sand
- SW:
-
Well graded sand
- UCS:
-
Unconfined compression strength
- UNEP:
-
United Nations Environmental Programme
- US ATSDR:
-
United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- USEPA:
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- UU:
-
Unconsolidated undrained
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Ω:
-
Sustainability coefficient
- Ω′:
-
Dimensionless sustainability coefficient
- ∅ :
-
Friction angle
- γ d :
-
Dry unit weight
- γ d -max :
-
Maximum dry unit weight
- E CO2(Extraction) :
-
CO2 emission due to extraction of material (LMSF/sand)
- E CO2(Transportation) :
-
CO2 emission due to transportation of material (LMSF/sand)
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Acknowledgement
The authors wish to sincerely acknowledge the support from Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat for funding the study as part of a sponsored research project (Project id: L1Y5SU). The authors also wish to thank Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad for providing landfill mined material for the study. The authors are also thankful to Dr. Ram Wanare for his support during the procurement of the LMSF material from the landfill mining site. The authors are also thankful to their University, IITRAM for providing the necessary support and facilities for conducting the research work. The authors express their thanks to CRNTS, SAIF, IIT Bombay for facilitating the EDAX analysis of LMSF samples. Thanks, are also extended to MEMS laboratory, IIT Bombay for facilitating the XRD analysis of the LMSF samples. The authors also thank the Central Instrumentation Facility, IIT Gandhinagar for their support for ICP-MS analysis of LMSF samples. The authors acknowledge the FTIR studies (ATR-IR) conducted at IITRAM, Courtesy: SERB-DST project ECR/2016/001289 sponsored FT-IR spectrometer (Make: PerkinElmer, USA).
Funding
Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission (GSBTM), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, India, L1Y5SU.
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MP: Review of literature and synthesis of data, experimental work, formal analysis, writing original draft and revising draft. PHD: Review of literature and synthesis of data, experimental work, review and editing of draft. ASR: Support in experimental work, review & editing of the draft. KKRI: Conceptualization, Visualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Review & editing of the draft. TND: Review & editing of the draft.
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Patil, M., Dalal, P.H., Reddy, A.S. et al. Evaluation of the geotechnical characteristics of landfill mined soil like fraction (LMSF) for sustainable fill application. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00370-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00370-1