Abstract
After a historic excursus the basic properties of rhenium are summarized, followed by selected classes of its compounds (halides and oxyhalides, oxides, perrhenates, carbides, carbonyls, alkoxides). Subsequently, the analysis of rhenium and a variety of rhenium alloys as well as the use of rhenium as catalyst are described. Finally, the recycling of rhenium scrap is discussed.
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Notes
The word Japan is an exonym and is used by many languages. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon and Nihon. They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本.
Iron sow (in German: Eisensau/Ofensau/Härtling): Iron masses, which settle at the walls of the melting furnaces.
A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in the Earth’s crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, where steam and gases come out, mostly CO2, SO2, HCl and H2S.
The very thin Earth's crust is like the skin of an apple and accounts for < 1% of the Earth’s volume. It is only about 8 km thick under the oceans and about 40 km thick under the continents.
Metathesis reactions are chemical reactions in which two hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes or alkynes) are converted to two new hydrocarbons by the exchange of carbon–carbon single, double or triple bonds. These are usually catalyzed by a metal catalyst.
A homoleptic compound is a chemical complex with only one type of ligand.
A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups.
In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek character μ, with a subscript or superscript number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand.
Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys consist of a metal matrix with small oxide particles dispersed within it. They are used for high-temperature turbine blades and heat exchanger tubing.
Billet metal is a solid length (often in a square or circle profile) of material that has been extruded into shape, by either continuous casting or hot rolling.
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur from natural gas and reined petroleum products.
First pass yield (FPY) measures the effectiveness of a process by measuring how many products are produced correctly in the first attempt.
Abbreviations
- AES:
-
Atomic emission spectroscopy
- aka:
-
Also known as
- at%:
-
Atomic percentage
- b.p.:
-
Boiling point
- BET:
-
Brunauer-Emmet-Teller
- CC:
-
Coupled-cluster
- CT:
-
Computer tumography
- DBTT:
-
Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
- DFT:
-
Density functional theory
- DTA:
-
Differential thermal analysis
- EDS:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- ESI-MS:
-
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- ESR:
-
Electron spin resonance, aka EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance)
- FBDE:
-
First bond dissociation energy
- FPY:
-
First pass yield
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- GTP:
-
Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.
- hcp:
-
Hexagonal close packed
- ICP:
-
Inductively coupled plasma
- IMA:
-
International Mineral Association
- K:
-
Kelvin
- kPa:
-
Kilopascal (101.3 kPa = 1 atm)
- LA-TOF-MS:
-
Laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- mass%:
-
Mass percentage
- m.p.:
-
Melting point
- ML:
-
Machine learning
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometer
- N/A:
-
Not available
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- ODS:
-
Oxide dispersion strengthened
- OES:
-
Optical emission spectroscopy
- PM:
-
Powder metallurgy
- ppb:
-
Parts per billion = 10–9
- ρ :
-
Density
- SCE:
-
Saturated calomel electrode
- SCFH:
-
Standard cubic feet per hour
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- t 1/2 :
-
Half-life
- TBO:
-
Tungsten blue oxide
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric analysis
- UV-Vis:
-
Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy
- XAS:
-
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, aka ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis)
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- Z :
-
Atomic number (Periodic Table); number of formula units in a unit cell
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Acknowledgements
We thank Eckhard Ettenhuber, Martin Fait, Monika Hartl, Ulrich Kortz, Hugo Ortner, Eric Scerri, Fritz Scholz, Konrad Seppelt, Michail Varfolomeev and Thomas Wolfe for providing references. Our special thanks go to Ralf T. Schmitt from the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin for providing pictures of five minerals.
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Dedicated to Fritz Scholz on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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Lunk, HJ., Drobot, D.V. & Hartl, H. Discovery, properties and applications of rhenium and its compounds. ChemTexts 7, 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-020-00123-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-020-00123-w