Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Developing a Reading Strategic Competence Scale for Chinese Tertiary EFL Learners

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite the important role of strategies in language learning, they have not been afforded much attention in the development of language proficiency scales. This study, situated in a nationwide project of developing China’s Standards of English language ability, presents in detail the development of a reading strategic competence scale for Chinese tertiary EFL learners, including determining the descriptive scheme, establishing the descriptor pool, constructing a preliminary scale by panel experts, and validating the calibration by Rasch Model scaling. According to the study, reading strategies are hierarchical in difficulty levels, and two levels can be set for Chinese tertiary EFL learners. A very clear progression is visible in the content of the final scale. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications for teachers and learners to use the scale are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

References

  • Alderson, J. C. (1991). Bands and scales. In J. C. Alderson & B. North (Eds.), Language testing in the 1990s (pp. 71–86). Mcmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. (1996). Language testing in practice: Designing and developing useful language tests. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. (2010). Language assessment in practice. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, E. (1986). The comprehension strategies of second language readers. Tesol Quarterly, 20(3), 79–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boone, W. J., Staver, J. R., & Yale, M. S. (2014). Rasch analysis in the human sciences. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, D. (2007). Psychology of language. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from https://rm.coe.int/1680459f97.

  • Council of Europe. (2018). Common European framework of reference for languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume with new descriptors. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1983). Strategies in interlanguage communication. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, X. J., & Yang, H. Z. (2008). Validity and validation of language proficiency scales. Journal of Foreign Languages, 40(4), 2–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graesser, A. C. (2007). An introduction to strategic reading comprehension. In D. S. McNamara (Ed.), Reading comprehension strategies: Theories, interventions, and technologies (pp. 3–26). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning, G. (1984). Advantages of latent trait measurement in language testing. Language Testing, 1(2), 123–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (2004). Test equating, scaling, and linking (2nd ed.). Assessment Systems Corporation.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, Y.-L. (2015). Reading strategy use by Chinese as a foreign language learners. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3703248)

  • Landau, S., & Everitt, B. S. (2004). A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leaver, B. L. (2008). Keynote address. In D. B. Butler & Y. Zhou (Eds.), Teaching and learning to near-native levels of language proficiency IV: Proceedings of the Spring and Fall 2006 conferences of the consortium of distinguished language centers (pp. 9–14). MSI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thompson, L. C. (2008). An investigation of reading strategies applied by American learners of Chinese as a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals, 41(4), 702–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linacre, J. M. (2014). A user’s guide to WINSTEPS MINISTEP Rasch-model computer programs. Winsteps.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., & Pan, M. (2019). English language teaching in China: Developing language proficiency frameworks. In X. S. Gao (Ed.), Second handbook of English language teaching (pp. 415–432). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. D., & Wu, S. (2019). Development of the China’s standards of english language ability. Higher Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macaro, E. (2006). Strategies for language learning and for language use: Revising the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 90(3), 320–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtari, K., & Scheorey, R. (2002). Measuring ESL students’ awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Development Education, 25(3), 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, B. (1997). Perspectives on language proficiency and aspects of competence2. Language Teaching, 30(2), 93–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, B. (2000). The development of a common framework scale of language proficiency. P. Lang.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • North, B. (2014). The CEFR in practice. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, B., & Schneider, G. (1998). Scaling descriptors for language proficiency scales. Language Testing, 15(2), 217–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oxford, R. L. (2013). Teaching & researching: Language learning strategies. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Phakiti, A. (2007). Strategic competence and EFL reading test performance: A structural equation modeling approach. Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phakiti, A. (2008). Construct validation of Bachman and Palmer’s (1996) strategic competence model over time in EFL reading tests. Language Testing, 25(2), 237–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., & Afflerbach, P. (1995). Verbal protocols of reading: The nature of constructively responsive reading. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., El-Dinary, P. B., Wharton-McDonald, R., & Brown, R. (1998). Transactional instruction of comprehension strategies in the elementary grades. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulated learning: From research to self-reflective practice (pp. 42–56). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, J. E. (1999). Learner strategy use and performance on language tests: A structural equation modeling approach. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyk, E., Restrepo, M. A., Gorin, J. S., & Gray, S. (2013). Development and validation of the Spanish-English language proficiency scale (SELPS). Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 44, 252–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Y.-R., Ernst, C., & Talley, P. C. (2010). L1 and L2 strategy use in reading comprehension of Chinese EFL readers. Reading Psychology, 31(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, A. H., & Weir, C. J. (1998). Reading in a second language: Process, product and practice. Routlege.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., Tsai, Y. R., & Hikaru, Y. (2019). Top-down and bottom-up strategy use among good and poor readers in EFL reading comprehension. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(3), 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., & Seepho, S. (2013). Metacognitive strategy use and academic reading achievement: Insights from a Chinese context. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 10(1), 54–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou,Y.Q.(2017). Investigating the Use of Reading Strategies of Chinese Tertiary EFL learners, Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages, 40(3), 86–94.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on improving the manuscript. Thanks also go to Dr. Weiqiang Wang at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies for his comments on the eariler drafts of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiaxin Lin.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 17 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhou, Y., Lin, J. & Yang, Z. Developing a Reading Strategic Competence Scale for Chinese Tertiary EFL Learners. Asia-Pacific Edu Res 32, 275–283 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00650-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00650-9

Keywords

Navigation