Skip to main content
Log in

Cyberbullying and Adolescents

  • Adolescent Medicine (M Goldstein, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pediatrics Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Cyberbullying is an aggressive behavior involving a type of electronic communication intending to harm a victim that can have profound effects on adolescents. This review examines the epidemiology, issues from cyberbullying, presentation to care of its victims, and proposed interventions to this behavior.

Recent Findings

There are a variety of physical and psychological effects on victims of cyberbullying that can include recurrent abdominal pain, headaches, and difficulty with sleep. In addition, victims have higher rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and a lower level of well-being. Unfortunately, victims may remain silent, so screening for cyberbullying is encouraged in a variety of settings. Interventions can be designed at the level of the victim (and perpetrator), family, school, and other support networks. Prevention of cyberbullying can be a focus for providers of healthcare.

Summary

Cyberbullying can have profound biopsychosocial effects on its victims. There are strategies currently in use and under development to identify and intervene on behalf of those affected by these behaviors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Massachusetts Anti-Bullying Law. MGL c.71 §37O.

  2. • Hellfeldt K, López-Romero L, Andershed H. Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: the potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010045Explores protective social factors for cyberbullying victims.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. •• Selkie EM, Fales JL, Moreno MA. Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school-aged adolescents: a systematic review and quality assessment. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(2):125–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadrhealth.2015.09.026Investigates the prevalence of cyberbullying in middle school and high school aged adolescents in the United States.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cantone E, Piras AP, Vellante M, et al. Interventions on bullying and cyberbullying in schools: a systematic review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2015;11(Suppl 1 M4):58–76. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901511010058.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Aboujaoude E, Savage MW, Starcevic C, Salame WO. Cyberbullying: an old problem gone viral. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57(1):10–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Slonje R, Smith PK. Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(2):147–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. • Kim S, Kimber M, Boyle MH, Georgiades K. Sex differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2019;64(2):126–135. Doi:1.1177/0706743718777397. Explores sex differences in cyberbullying victims and associated risk-taking behaviors.

  8. Wang CC, Hsiao RC, Yen CF. Victimization of traditional and cyber bullying during childhood and their correlates among adult gay and bisexual men in Taiwan: a retrospective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(23):4634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234634.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hu H, Liu T, Hsiao RC, et al. Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration in adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: correlations with depression, anxiety, and suicidality. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019, 2019;49(10):4170–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04060-7.

  10. Moreno MA, Vaillancourt T. The role of health care providers in cyberbullying. Can J Psychiatr. 2017;62(6):364–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Warning Signs for Bullying. Written by Stop Bullying.gov https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying/warning-signs Accessed 4/10/2020.

  12. Cyberbullying Warning Signs. Written by Anti-Defamation League, Fighting for Good. https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/cyberbullying-warning-signs Accessed 4/10/2020.

  13. Nixon CL. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2014;5:143–58. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S36456.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Gamez-Guadix M, Orue I, Smith PK, et al. Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53:446–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen YY, Huang JH. Precollege and in-college bullying experiences and health related quality of life among college students. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. • Kritsotakis G, Papanikolaou M, Androulakis E, Philalithis AE. Associations of bullying and cyberbullying with substance use and sexual risk taking in young adults. J Nurs Scholars. 2017;49(4):360–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12299Aims to identify the multiple health risk behaviors seen most often in cyberbullying victims.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. •• Englander E, Donnerstein E, Kowalski R, Lin CA, Parti K. Defining Cyberbullying. Pediatrics. 2017;140(Suppl 2):S148–51. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758UExamines the differences between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, long term effects of exposures to cyberbullying and ways to develop prevention programs.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. • Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. J Sch Health. 2010;80(12):614–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.xExplores the relationship between cyberbullying and effects of self-esteem in middle school aged adolescents.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ortega R, Elipe P, Mora-Merchán JA, Calmaestra J, Vega E. The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying: a study of Spanish adolescents. Z Psychol. 2009;217(4):197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Elster, AB. Guidelines for adolescent preventive services. UpToDate. January 2020.

  21. Lamb J, Pepler DJ, Craig W. Approach to bullying and victimization. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(4):356–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. •• Alavi N, Reshetukha T, Prost E, et al. Relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour in youth presenting to the emergency department. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(2):70–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S36456Outlines effects of cyberbullying and importance for cyberbullying screening in an adolescent’s presentation for emergent care.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Noret N, Hunter SC, Rasmussen S. The role of perceived social support in the relationship between being bullied and mental health difficulties in adolescents. School Ment Health. 2020;12:156–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-019-09339-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wright MF. Cyber victimization and depression among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders: the moderation of perceived social support. J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil. 2017;10(2):126–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2016.1271486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dooley JJ, Shaw T, Cross D. The association between the mental health and behavioural problems of students and their reactions to cyber-victimization. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2012;9(2):275–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mallmann CL, Lisboa DM, Saraiva C, Zanatta Calza T. Cyberbullying and coping strategies in adolescents from southern Brazil. Acta Colombiana de Psicología. 2018;21(1):13–43. https://doi.org/10.14718/acp.2018.21.1.2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Garcia C. Conceptualization and measurement of coping during adolescence: a review of the literature. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2010;42(2):166–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01327.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Machackova, H., Cerna, A., Sevcikova, A., Dedkova, L., & Daneback, K. (2013). Effectiveness of coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(3), article 5. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-3-5.

  29. Puskar K, Sereika S, Tusaie-Mumford K. Effect of the teaching kids to cope (TKC©) program on outcomes of depression and coping among rural adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2003;16:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2003.tb00350.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. • Völlink T, Bolman C, Dehue F, Jacobs NC. Coping with cyberbullying: differences between victims, bully-victims and children not involved in bullying. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2013, 2013;23(1):7–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2142Explores the coping mechanisms by which those involved in cyberbullying may differ with daily stressors.

  31. Sittichai R, Smith P. Bullying and cyberbullying in Thailand: coping strategies and relation to age, gender, religion and victim status. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research. 2018, 2018;7(1):24–30. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2018.1.254.

  32. Hamburger ME, Basile KC, Vivolo AM. Measuring bullying victimization, perpetration, and bystander experiences: a compendium of assessment tools. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2011.

  33. Morken IS, Dahlgren A, Lunde I, Toven S. The effects of interventions preventing self-harm and suicide in children and adolescents: an overview of systematic reviews. F1000Res. 2019;8:890. Published 2019 Jun 20. doi:https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19506.2

  34. Devine P, Lloyd K. Internet use and psychological well-being among 10-year-old and 11-year-old children. Child Care Pract. 2012;18(1):5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Dr. Karen Sadler for reviewing their manuscript.

Funding

This paper was funded in part by NIH grant 5 R01 MH103402.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark A. Goldstein.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Adolescent Medicine

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, V.L., Goldstein, M.A. Cyberbullying and Adolescents. Curr Pediatr Rep 8, 86–92 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-020-00217-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-020-00217-6

Keywords

Navigation