Abstract
Anthracnose disease of Capsicum caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (syn. C. capsici) is a catastrophic disease causing huge loss in productivity worldwide. Consequently, interest in elucidating its genetic structure has grown in recent decade. In the present study, six random amplified microsatellites were used to access the population structure of 94 isolates of C. truncatum from three agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. Among the 104 reproducible fragments, 81.73% were polymorphic. Cluster analysis grouped 94 isolates into four groups with no congruence with geographical origin of isolates. Average gene diversity ranged between 0.38 and 0.45, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.39 to 0.44. Analysis of molecular variance showed high genetic variability within the zones (99.53%). Screening of 194 genotypes of Capsicum against 94 C. truncatum isolates showed low-level resistance to the fungus. Some promising lines possessing resistance to more than 40 C. truncatum isolates were identified. These genotypes may harbor diverse resistance specificities and can be used to develop anthracnose-resistant genotypes in the State. This is the first resistance evaluation study where Capsicum genotypes were screened individually against a large number of isolates. The results suggest considerable evolutionary potential of pathogen that has enabled it to acquire pathogenicity genes (virulence factors) for infecting diverse host varieties over time and space.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AVRDC (1999) AVRDC progress report 2002. AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua
AVRDC (2003) AVRDC report 2002, AVRDC publication number 03-563. AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua
Bayraktar H, Dolar FS, Maden S (2008) Use of RAPD and ISSR markers in detection of genetic variation and population structure among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris isolates on chickpea in Turkey. J Phytopathol 156(3):146–154
Bhagat RM, Singh S, Kumar V (2006) Agro-ecological zonation of Himachal Pradesh-agricultural system information development at micro-level. CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur, Report pp 72
Christopher DJ, Raj TS, Kumar R (2013) Morphological, pathological and molecular variability of Colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose of chilli. Ann Plant Prot Sci 21(2):309–314
Diao Y, Zhang C, Xu J, Lin D, Liu L, Mtung’e OG, Liu X (2015) Genetic differentiation and recombination among geographic populations of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum from chili peppers in China. Evol Appl 8(1):108–118
Excoffier L, Lischer HE (2010) Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Res 10(3):564–567
Garg R, Kumar S, Kumar R, Loganathan M, Saha S, Kumar S, Rai AB, Roy BK (2013) Novel source of resistance and differential reactions on chilli fruit infected by Colletotrichum capsici. Australas Plant Pathol 42(2):227–233
Katoch A, Prabhakar CS, Sharma PN (2016) Metageographic population analysis of Colletotrichum truncatum associated with chili fruit rot and other hosts using ITS region nucleotide sequences. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 25(1):64–72
Kaur M, Sharma O, Sharma P (2012) Identification of sources of resistance against virulences of Colletotrichum capsici causing fruit rot of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Indian Phytopathol 58(2):232–234
Lee J, Hong J-H, Do JW, Yoon JB (2010) Identification of QTLs for resistance to anthracnose to two Colletotrichum species in pepper. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 13(4):227–233
Lin Q, Kanchana-udomkarn C, Jaunet T, Mongkolporn O (2002) Genetic analysis of resistance to pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici. Thai J Agric Sci 35:259–264
Lubna M, Anwar A, Ahmad S, Sofi TA (2013) Cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability in Colletotrichum capsici causing die-back and fruit rot of chilli. Asian J Plant Pathol 7(1):29–41
Mahasuk P, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O (2009) Identification of two new genes conferring resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Capsicum baccatum. Phytopathology 99(9):1100–1104
Mongkolporn O, Dokmaihom Y, Kanchana-Udomkan C, Pakdeevaraporn P (2004) Genetic purity test of F1 hybrid Capsicum using molecular analysis. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79(3):449–451
Montri P, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O (2009) Pathotypes of Colletotrichum capsici, the causal agent of chili anthracnose in Thailand. Plant Dis 93(1):17–20
Murray M, Thompson WF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8(19):4321–4326
Olive LS (1951) Homathallism and heterothallism in Glomerella. Trans N Y Acad Sci 13:238–242
Padder BA, Sharma PN, Sharma OP, Kapoor V (2007) Genetic diversity and gene flow estimates among five populations of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum across Himachal Pradesh. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 70(1):8–12
Padder BA, Kapoor V, Kaushal RP, Sharma PN (2012) Identification and genetic diversity analysis of Ascochyta species associated with blight complex of pea in a northwestern hill state of India. Agric Res 1(4):325–337
Pakdeevaraporn P, Wasee S, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O (2005) Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici in Capsicum. Plant Breed 124(2):206–208
Park HK, Kim BS, Lee WS (1990) Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). II. Genetic analysis of resistance to Colletotrichum dematium. J Korean Soc Hortic Sci 31(3):207–212
Rampersad SN (2013) Genetic structure of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato isolates infecting papaya inferred by multilocus ISSR markers. Phytopathology 103(2):182–189
Ratanacherdchai K, Wang H-K, Lin F-C, Soytong K (2010) ISSR for comparison of cross-inoculation potential of Colletotrichum capsici causing chilli anthracnose. Afr J Microbiol Res 4(1):076–083
Rohlf FJ (1993) NTSYS-pc version 1.80, Distribution by Exeter Software, Setauket, New York
Saxena A, Raghuwanshi R, Singh HB (2014) Molecular, phenotypic and pathogenic variability in Colletotrichum isolates of subtropical region in north-eastern India, causing fruit rot of chillies. J Appl Microbiol 117(5):1422–1434
Sharma G, Shenoy BD (2014) Colletotrichum fructicola and C. siamense are involved in chilli anthracnose in India. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 47:1179–1194. doi:10.1080/03235408.2013.833749
Sharma PN, Kaur M, Sharma OP, Sharma P, Pathania A (2005) Morphological, pathological and molecular variability in Colletotrichum capsici, the cause of fruit rot of chillies in the subtropical region of north-western India. J Phytopathol 153(4):232–237
Singh SN, Yadav BP, Sinha SK, Ojha KL (1997) Reaction of chilli genotypes against dieback disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici. J Appl Biol 7:62–64
Than PP, Prihastuti H, Phoulivong S, Taylor PWJ, Hyde KD (2008) Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 9(10):764–778
Than PP, Jeewon R, Hyde KD, Pongsupasamit S, Mongkolporn O, Taylor PWJ (2008) Characterization and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose on chilli (Capsicum spp.) in Thailand. Indoor AirPlant Pathol 57(3):562–572
Tshering K (2009) Agriculture and usage of natural resources in Bhutan. J Faculty of Agriculture Shinshu Univ 45(1/2):33–42
Voorrips RE, Finkers R, Sanjaya L, Groenwold R (2004) QTL mapping of anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) resistance in a cross between Capsicum annuum and C. chinense. Theor Appl Genet 109(6):1275–1282
Wheeler H (1954) Genetics and evolution of heterothallism in Glomerella. Phytopathology 44:342–345
Yoon JB, Park HG (2001) Screening method for resistance to pepper fruit anthracnose: pathogen sporulation, inoculation methods related to inoculum concentrations and post-inoculation environment. J Korean Soc Hortic Sci 42(4):389–393
Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski A, Labuda D (1994) Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20(2):176–183
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author is grateful to the department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katoch, A., Sharma, P., Padder, B.A. et al. Population Structure of Colletotrichum truncatum in Himachal Pradesh and Identification of Broad-Spectrum Resistant Sources in Capsicum . Agric Res 6, 296–303 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-017-0261-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-017-0261-y