Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Association of glycemic control and anthropometric measurement among type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Diabetology International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Maintaining good glycemic control is the main therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Nevertheless, due to complex factors, the majority of patients worldwide persist poorly controlled. Hence the study was conducted to determine the association of anthropometric measurement and other factors with glycemic control among type 2 DM patients.

Methods

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 366 type 2 DM patients from October-1 to November 30/2019. Data were collected by a pre-tested structured questionnaire and data abstraction format. The collected data were edited in Epi-data-4.4.1.0 and exported to SPSS-25 for analysis. The degree of association was assessed using logistic regression analysis and expressed in terms of p value and odds ratio with a 95%CI. p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the total 366 participants, (66.1%) had poor glycemic control. Increased waist circumference (AOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.28–4.40 for overweight and AOR 3.31, 95% CI 1.28–8.58 for obesity), long duration of DM (AOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.14–3.95 for 5–10 years and AOR 5.67, 95% CI 1.76–11.30 for > 10 years), occupation (AOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.94–7.23 for government employee and AOR 4.90, 95% CI 2.19–10.94 for private employee), and family history of DM (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.08–3.43), were significantly associated with poor glycemic control.

Conclusion

Nearly two-thirds of study participants had poor glycemic control. Increased waist circumference, long duration of DM, occupational status, and family history of DM were independently associated with poor glycemic control. Therefore, type 2 DM patients with these identified factors should be strictly monitored to maintain good glycemic control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204871. Accessed 21 July 2019.

  2. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang Y, Rocha JD, Ohlrogge AW, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. IDF Diabetes Atlas, Eighth edition. 2017. http://fmdiabetes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IDF-2017.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2019.

  4. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. 2017. https://professional.diabetes.org/files/media/dc_40_s1_final.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2019.

  5. Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Med J. 2012;27(4):269–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Khattab M, Khader YS, Al-khawaldeh A, Ajlouni K. Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat. 2010;24(2):84–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kamuhabwa AR, Charles E. Predictors of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients attending public hospitals in Dar es Salaam. Drugs Healthc Patient Saf. 2014;6:155–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bobby SK, Latha N. Impact of body mass index on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Dental Med Sci. 2018;17(11):32–5. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1711073235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kayar Y, Ilhan A, Kayar NB, Unver N, Coban G, Hamdard J, et al. Relationship between poor glycemic control and risk factors, lifestyle, and complications. Int J Med Sci. 2017;28(4):1581–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kibirige D, Lumu W, Jones AG, Smeeth L, Hattersley AT, Nyirenda MJ. Understanding the manifestation of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa to inform therapeutic approaches and preventive strategies: a narrative review. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0077-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Tesfaye T, Shikur B, Shimels T, Firdu N. Prevalence and factors associated with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose level among members of federal police commission residing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-016-0150-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Zekewos A, Loha E, Egeno T, Wubshet K, Merga Z. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated factors in Southern Ethiopia: a community based study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018;28(4):451–60. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i4.11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Demoz GT, Gebremariam A, Yifter H, Alebachew M, Niriayo YL, Gebreslassie G, et al. Predictors of poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes on follow-up care at a tertiary healthcare setting in Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4248-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Wabe NT, Angamo MT, Hussein S. Medication adherence in diabetes mellitus and self management practices among type-2 diabetics in Ethiopia. N Am J Med Sci. 2011;3(9):418–23. https://doi.org/10.4297/najms.2011.3418.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Patry-parisien J, Shields M, Bryan S. Comparison of waist circumference using the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health protocols. Health Rep. 2012;23(3):53–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Barao K, Forones NM. Body mass index: different nutritional status according to WHO, OPAS, and Lipschitz classifications in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Arquivos de Gastroenterol. 2012;49(2):169–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee 1995. WHO Technical Report Series. 2017;854. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/37003/WHO_TRS_854.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 7 August 2019.

  18. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva. 2008. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44583. Accessed 7 August 2019.

  19. Ashwell M, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of ‘early health risk’: simpler and more predictive than using a ‘matrix’ based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010159.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bayisa B, Bekele M. Glycemic control and associated factors among type II diabetic patients on chronic follow up at Southwest Ethiopia. J Med Health Sci. 2017;6(3):13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chetoui A, Kaoutar K, Elmoussaoui S, Boutahar K, El-Kardoudi A. Prevalence and determinants of poor glycaemic control: a cross-sectional study among Moroccan type 2 diabetes patients. Int Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thuita A, Kiage-mokua BN, Onyango A, Makokha A. The relationship between patient characteristics and glycemic control (hba1c) in type 2 diabetes patients attending Thika level five hospital, Kenya. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev. 2019;19(4):15041–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Alzaheb RA, Altemani AH. The prevalence and determinants of poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2018;11:15–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Harrabi I, Al Harbi F, Al GS. Predictors of glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Najran Armed Forces Hospital: a pilot study. J Diabetes Mellit. 2014;4(02):141–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Haghighatpanah M, Sasan A, Nejad M, Haghighatpanah M, Thunga G. Factors that correlate with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with complications. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(4):167–74. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.05.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Huri HZ, Lim LP, Lim SK. Glycemic control and anti-diabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with renal complications. Drug Design Dev Ther. 2015;9:4355–71. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s85676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Reisig V, Reitmeir P, Döring A, Rathmann W, Mielck A. Social inequalities and outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the German region of Augsburg. A cross-sectional survey. Int J Public Health. 2007;52(3):158–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Arai K, Hirao K, Matsuba I, Takai M, Matoba K, Takeda H, et al. The status of glycemic control by general practitioners and specialists for diabetes in Japan: a cross-sectional survey of 15,652 patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83(3):397–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kakade AA, Mohanty IR, Rai S. Assessment of factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Integr Obes Diabetes. 2018;4(3):1–6. https://doi.org/10.15761/IOD.1000209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Unger R. Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM. Genet Clin Implic Diabetes. 1995;44(8):863–70. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.44.8.863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenberg AS, McDaniel ML. Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.32.s3.4.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fasil A, Biadgo B, Abebe M. Glycemic control and diabetes complications among diabetes mellitus patients attending at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2019;12:75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Alemu S, Mesfin N. Level of sustained glycemic control and associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2015;8:65–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fekadu G, Bula K, Bayisa G, Turi E, Tolossa T, Kasaye HK. Challenges and factors associated with poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019;12:963–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Ahmad NS, Islahudin F, Paraidathathu T. Factors associated with good glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig. 2014;5(5):563–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Juarez DT, Sentell T, Tokumaru S, Goo R, Davis JW, Mau MM. Factors associated with poor glycemic control or wide glycemic variability among diabetes patients in Hawaii, 2006–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:120065. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.120065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Leibowitz G, Kaiser N, Cerasi E. β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2011;2(2):82–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, for logistic support for this study. We are also grateful to Debre Berhan Referral Hospital staff for their teamwork in the study. Finally, our deepest gratitude goes to the study participants for providing the required information for this study.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for this study and the study was funded by the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia

    Mitku Mammo Taderegew

  2. Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia

    Mamo Solomon Emeria

  3. HaSET Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Shewa Robit Field Office, Shewa Robit, Ethiopia

    Betregiorgis Zegeye

Authors
  1. Mitku Mammo Taderegew
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mamo Solomon Emeria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Betregiorgis Zegeye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MMT: conceived the study, sample size calculation, and made major contributions to the study design and statistical analysis. BZ and MSE: participated in the conception, participated in the analysis and interpretation of the results, contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mitku Mammo Taderegew.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declares that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute of Health, Jimma University. The IRB had reviewed the study protocol and approved with ethical approval reference number IRB/498/2019. Permission and supportive letter were also obtained from Debre Berhan Referral hospital.

Informed consent

After informed about the purpose and the importance of their participation in the study, written informed consent was obtained from each study participant.

Statement on human research

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standard of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Furthermore, all findings of the study were utilized for the proper management of the patients.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Taderegew, M.M., Emeria, M.S. & Zegeye, B. Association of glycemic control and anthropometric measurement among type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Diabetol Int 12, 356–363 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-021-00490-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-021-00490-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation