Abstract
The incidence rate of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is currently increasing within Canada as well as worldwide. Environmental pollutants are ubiquitous in the environment and can potentially increase an individual’s risk of developing NHL. The goal of this literature review was to identify environmental pollutants associated with diagnosis of NHL and summarize their current levels in human populations. Sixteen environmental pollutants were identified as having associations with NHL diagnosis, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), carbon tetrachloride, and various pesticides. PCB levels in human breast milk were highest in developed countries, while DDT levels were highest in malaria-endemic countries. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glyphosate levels were highest in individuals who were occupationally exposed to these chemicals. Humans are mainly exposed to the identified pollutants through food. PCBs were found within animal products such as milk and cheese, and a variety of pesticides were found in various fruits and vegetables. Individuals who followed vegan and vegetarian diets had lower levels of non-pesticide pollutants in their body due to limited consumption of animal products but had higher pesticide levels due to increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, organic diets proved to mitigate this issue. Further research needs to be conducted on a wider variety of pollutants to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of these pollutants in association with NHL.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Al Naggar Y, Codling G, Vogt A, Naiem E, Mona M, Seif A, Giesy JP (2015) Organophosphorus insecticides in honey, pollen and bees (Apis mellifera L.) and their potential hazard to bee colonies in Egypt. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 114:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.039
Al-Alam J, Millet M, Chbani A, Fajloun Z (2015) Contribution to the food products’ analysis: a research and evaluation on the hemolytic effect of some pesticides used in Lebanon. J Environ Sci Health B 50:788–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1058095
Alavanja MCR, Hofmann JN, Lynch CH et al (2014) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk and insecticide, fungicide and fumigant use in the Agricultural Health Study. PLoS ONE 9:e109332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109332
Archer JC, Jenkins RG Jr (2017) Automated milk fat extraction for the analyses of persistent organic pollutants. J Chromatogr B 1041–1042:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.005
Arinaitwe K, Muir DCG, Kiremire BT, Fellin P, Li H, Teixeira C, Mubiru DN (2018) Prevalence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmospheric environment of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Chemosphere 193:343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.041
Audenhaege VM, Heraud F, Menard C, Bouyrie J, Morois S, Calamassi-Tran G, Lesterle S, Volatier JL, Leblanc JC (2009) Impact of food consumption habits on the pesticide dietary intake: comparison between a French vegetarian and the general population. Food Addit Contam A 26:1372–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030903031171
Bai SH, Ogbourne SM (2016) Glyphosate: environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:18988–19001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3
Barry KH, Koutros S, Lubin JH, Coble JB, Barone-Adesi F, Beane Freeman LE, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Ma X, Zheng T, Alavanja MC (2012) Methyl bromide exposure and cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 23:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9949-2
Béranger R, Billoir E, Nuckols JR, Blain J, Millet M, Bayle ML, Combourieu B, Philip T, Schüz J, Fervers B (2019) Agricultural and domestic pesticides in house dust from different agricultural areas in France. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:19632–19645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05313-9
Berman T, Göen T, Novack L, Beacher L, Grinshpan L, Segev D, Tordjman K (2016) Urinary concentrations of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in residents of a vegetarian community. Environ Int 96:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.027
Bernard A, Hermans C, Broeckaert F, De Poorter G, De Cock A, Houins G (1999) Food contamination by PCBs and dioxins. Nature 401:231–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/45717
Bommuraj V, Chen Y, Klein H, Sperling R, Barel S, Shimshoni JA (2019) Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food Chem 299:125123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125123
Brajenović N, Karačonji IB, Jurič A (2018) Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk samples in European countries. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 69:135–153. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3120
Burns CJ, Swaen GM (2012) Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology. Crit Rev Toxicol 42:768–786. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.710576
Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, De Silva AO, Wang X, Lamoureux SF, Lafrenière MJ (2018) Legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in terrestrial compartments in the high Arctic: sorption and secondary sources. Environ Sci Technol 52:14187–14197. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05011
Callahan CL, Stewart PA, Friesen MC, Locke S, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Rothman N, Purdue MP (2018) Case-control investigation of occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Occup Environ Med 75:415–420. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104890
Cetin B, Ozturk F, Keles M, Yurdakul S (2017) PAHs and PCBs in an eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects. Environ Pollut 220(Pt B):1322–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.002
Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L (2016) PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in farmed fish produced in Greece: levels and human population exposure assessment. Chemosphere 146:511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.019
Cotronei S, Pozo K, Audy O, Přibylová P, Corsolini S (2018) Contamination profile of DDTs in the shark Somniosus microcephalus from Greenland seawaters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 101:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2371-z
Curl CL, Porter J, Penwell I, Phinney R, Ospina M, Calafat AM (2019) Effect of a 24-week randomized trial of an organic produce intervention on pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticide exposure among pregnant women. Environ Int 132:104957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104957
de Alcantara Mendes R, da Costa Lopes AS, de Souza LC, de Oliveira Lima M, da Silva Santos L (2016) DDT concentration in fish from the Tapajós River in the Amazon region, Brazil. Chemosphere 153:340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.054
Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Lucas M, Blanchet C (2007) Risk and benefits from consuming salmon and trout: a Canadian perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 45:1343–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.010
Deziel NC, Colt JS, Kent EE, Gunier RB, Reynolds P, Booth B, Metayer C, Ward MH (2015) Associations between self-reported pest treatments and pesticide concentrations in carpet dust. Environ Health 14:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0015-x
Dirtu AC, Covaci A (2010) Estimation of daily intake of organohalogenated contaminants from food consumption and indoor dust ingestion in Romania. Environ Sci Technol 44:6297–6304. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101233z
Emanuela F, Giuseppe S, Stefano G, Mattia B, Mauro M (2017) Comparison of lindane and carbaryl pesticide bioaccumulation in the Common Sole (Solea solea). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98:656–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2056-z
Fair PA, White ND, Wolf B, Arnott SA, Kannan K, Karthikraj R, Vena JE (2018) Persistent organic pollutants in fish from Charleston Harbor and tributaries, South Carolina, United States: a risk assessment. Environ Res 167:598–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.001
Fernandes AR, Mortimer DN, Rose M, Knowles TG, White S, Gem M (2009) Occurrence of dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild, farmed and processed fish, and shellfish. Food Addit Contam B 2:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030802654479
Fernandes AR, Mortimer D, Rose M, Smith F, Steel Z, Panton S (2019) Recently listed Stockholm convention POPs: analytical methodology, occurrence in food and dietary exposure. Sci Total Environ 678:793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.433
Fleury S, Rivière G, Allès B, Kesse-Guyot E, Méjean C, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Bemrah N (2017) Exposure to contaminants and nutritional intakes in a French vegetarian population. Food Chem Toxicol 109(Pt 1):218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.048
Galarneau E, Wang D, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Siu M, Celo V, Tardif M, Harnish D, Jiang Y (2016) Air toxics in Canada measured by the national air pollution surveillance (NAPS) program and their relation to ambient air quality guidelines. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 66:184–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1096863
Ge J, Pan J, Fei Z, Wu G, Giesy JP (2007) Concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in fish and shrimp in Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere 69:164–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.025
Gerig BS, Chaloner DT, Janetski DJ, Rediske RR, O’Keefe JP, Moerke AH, Lamberti GA (2016) Congener patterns of persistent organic pollutants establish the extent of contaminant biotransport by Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 50:554–563. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05091
Gillezeau C, van Gerwen M, Shaffer RM, Rana I, Zhang L, Sheppard L, Taioli E (2019) The evidence of human exposure to glyphosate: a review. Environ Health 18:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0435-5
Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Kawser Ahmed M, Saiful Islam M, Tokumura M, Masunaga S (2019) Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface water from the Bay of Bengal coast of Bangladesh. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 167:450–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.052
Haines DA, Saravanabhavan G, Werry K, Khoury C (2017) An overview of human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in the Canadian Health Measures Survey: 2007–2019. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220(2 Pt A):13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.08.002
Hanh PTM, Nghi DT, Lan TD, Van Quan N, Ba DT, Viet PH (2019) The status and distribution of PCBs along the coast of Vietnam. Environ Geochem Health 41:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0168-y
Heap I, Duke SO (2018) Overview of glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide. Pest Manage Sci 74:1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4760
Hernández ÁR, Boada LD, Mendoza Z, Ruiz-Suárez N, Valerón PF, Camacho M, Manuel Zumbado M, Almeida-González M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP (2015) Consumption of organic meat does not diminish the carcinogenic potential associated with the intake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24:4261–4273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4477-8
Hoff R, Echeverria AD, Hoff GD, Kneip RC, Jank L, Arsand J, Goncalves FF (2019) Efficiency of a low-cost pyramid-shaped solar still for pesticide removal from highly contaminated water. Chemosphere 234:427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.062
Hu L, Luo D, Zhou T, Tao Y, Feng J, Mei S (2017) The association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and organophosphate pesticides exposure: a meta-analysis. Environ Probl 213:319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.028
Hung CC, Huang FJ, Yang YQ, Hsieh CJ, Tseng CC, Yiin LM (2018) Pesticides in indoor and outdoor residential dust: a pilot study in a rural county of Taiwan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:23349–23356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2413-4
Hurtado-Barroso S, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Lamuela-Raventós RM (2017) Organic food and the impact on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1394815
Hyland C, Bradman A, Gerona R, Patton S, Zakharevich I, Gunier RB, Klein K (2019) Organic diet intervention significantly reduces urinary pesticide levels in U.S. children and adults. Environ Res 171:568–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.024
IARC (1999) Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Re-evaluation-Of-Some-Organic-Chemicals-Hydrazine-And-Hydrogen-Peroxide-Part-1-Part-2-Part-3--1999. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
IARC (2015) Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Polychlorinated-Biphenyls-And-Polybrominated-Biphenyls-2015. Accessed 6 Sept 2020
IARC (2016) DDT, lindane, and 2,4-D. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/DDT-Lindane-And-2-4-D-2016. Accessed 8 Sept 2020
IARC (2017) Some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Some-Organophosphate-Insecticides-And-Herbicides-2017. Accessed 12 Sept 2020
IARC (2019) Penatchlorophenol and some related compounds. World Health International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Pentachlorophenol-And-Some-Related-Compounds-2019. Accessed 8 Sept 2020
Kedikoglou K, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Bakeas E, Leondiadis L (2018) An effective and low cost carbon based clean-up method for PCDD/Fs and PCBs analysis in food. Chemosphere 206:531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.038
Kramer S, Hikel SM, Adams K, Hinds D, Moon K (2012) Current status of the epidemiologic evidence linking polychlorinated biphenyls and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the role of immune dysregulation. Environ Health Perspect 120:1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104652
Kylin H, Svensson T, Jensen S, Strachan WMJ, Franich R, Bouwman H (2017) The trans-continental distributions of pentachlorophenol and pentachloroanisole in pine needles indicate separate origins. Environ Pollut 229:688–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.010
Letcher RJ, Morris AD, Dyck M, Sverko E, Reiner EJ, Blair DAD, Chu SG, Shen L (2018) Legacy and new halogenated persistent organic pollutants in polar bears from a contamination hotspot in the Arctic, Hudson Bay Canada. Sci Total Environ 610–611:121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.035
Madden SS, Skinner LC (2016) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in adult and juvenile mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from the Hudson River, New York, USA. Environ Pollut 216:487–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.088
Marushka L, Hu X, Batal M, Sadik T, Schwartz H, Ing A, Fediuk K, Tikhonov C, Chan HM (2018) The relationship between persistent organic pollutants exposure and type 2 diabetes among First Nations in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada: a difference in difference analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030539
Men B, He M, Tan L, Lin C (2014) Distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China). Mar Pollut Bull 78:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.005
Miranda-Filho A, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Marco-Gragera R, Steliarova-Foucher E, Bray F (2019) Global patterns and trends in the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 30:489–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-019-01155-5
Moubadder L, McCullough LE, Flowers CR, Koff JL (2020) Linking environmental exposures to molecular pathogenesis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 29:1844–1855. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0228
Nejatkhah Manavi P, Shirvani Mahdavi E, Mazumder A (2018) Organochlorine pesticides in two fish species from the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 133:289–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.056
Nguyen TX, Nguyen BT, Tran HTT, Mai H, Duong TT, Bach QV (2019) Seasonal, spatial variation, and potential sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment in the lower reaches of the Dong Nai River system in Vietnam. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 77:514–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00653-6
Nougadère A, Sirot V, Kadar A, Fastier A, Truchot E, Vergnet C, Hommet F, Bayle J, Gros P, Leblanc JC (2012) Total diet study on pesticide residues in France: levels in food as consumed and chronic dietary risk to consumers. Environ Int 45:135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.001
Nyberg E, Danielsson S, Eriksson U, Faxneld S, Miller A, Bignert A (2014) Spatio-temporal trends of PCBs in the Swedish freshwater environment 1981–2012. Ambio 43(Suppl 1):45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0561-4
Orton TG, Saby NP, Arrouays D, Jolivet CC, Villanneau EJ, Marchant BP, Caria G, Barriuso E, Bispo A, Briand O (2013) Spatial distribution of lindane concentration in topsoil across France. Sci Total Environ 443:338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.103
Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S, Prachayasittikul V (2017) Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits. J Sci Food Agric 97:832–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7804
Phua ST, Ashman PJ, Daughtry BJ (2008) Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in fillets of farmed Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Chemosphere 73:915–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.001
Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Strucinski P, Mikolajczyk S, Maszewski S, Rachubik J, Pajurek M (2016) Pentachlorophenol from an old henhouse as a dioxin source in eggs and related human exposure. Environ Pollut 208(Pt B):404–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.007
Polder A, Savinova TN, Tkachev A, Løken KB, Odland JO, Skaare JU (2010) Levels and patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPS) in selected food items from northwest Russia (1998–2002) and implications for dietary exposure. Sci Total Environ 408:5352–5361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.036
Portolés T, Sales C, Abalos M, Sauló J, Abad E (2016) Evaluation of the capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in complex-matrix food samples. Anal Chim Acta 937:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.038
Rämö RA, van den Brink PJ, Ruepert C, Castillo LE, Gunnarsson JS (2018) Environmental risk assessment of pesticides in the River Madre de Dios, Costa Rica using PERPEST, SSD, and msPAF models. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:13254–13269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7375-9
Riederer AM, Hunter RE Jr, Hayden SW, Ryan PB (2010) Pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides in composite diet samples from Atlanta, USA adults. Environ Sci Technol 44:483–490. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902479h
Rivero-Huguet M, Marshall WD (2011) Scaling up a treatment to simultaneously remove persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals from contaminated soils. Chemosphere 83:668–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.007
Salamzadeh J, Shakoori A, Moradi V (2018) Occurrence of multiclass pesticide residues in tomato samples collected from different markets of Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng 16:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-0296-4
Salar-Amoli J, Ali-Esfahani T (2015) Determination of hazardous substances in food basket eggs in Tehran, Iran: a preliminary study. Vet Res Forum 6:155–159
Saptoka S, Shaikh H (2020) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. StatsPearls Publishing, Treasure Island
Shi J, Xiang L, Luan H, Wei Y, Ren H, Chen P (2019) The health concern of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a notorious e-waste recycling site. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 186:109817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109817
Smith AM, Smith MT, La Merrill MA, Liaw J, Steinmaus C (2017a) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis accounting for exposure levels. Ann Epidemiol 27:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.03.003
Smith MN, Workman T, McDonald KM, Vredevoogd MA, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Barr D, Faustman EM (2017b) Seasonal and occupational trends of five organophosphate pesticides in house dust. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 27:372–378. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2016.45
Stockholm Convention (2019a) All POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention. UN Environment Programme Stockholm Convention. http://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/AllPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
Stockholm Convention (2019b) History of the negotiations of the Stockholm Convention. UN Environment Programme Stockholm Convention. http://www.pops.int/TheConvention/Overview/History/Overview/tabid/3549/Default.aspx. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
Stockholm Convention (2019c) The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention. UN Environment Programme Stockholm Convention. http://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/The12InitialPOPs/tabid/296/Default.aspx. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
Sun Y, Cao M, Wan Y, Wang H, Liu J, Pan F, He W, Huang H, He Z (2020) Spatial variation of 2,4-D and MCPA in tap water and groundwater from China and their fate in source, treated, and tap water from Wuhan, Central China. Sci Total Environ 727:138691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138691
The Global Cancer Observatory (2019) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. World Health Organization The International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/34-Non-hodgkin-lymphoma-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
Ullah R, Asghar R, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Ali SN, Sohail M, Schäfer RB, Eqani SAMAS (2019) Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the Himalayan riverine ecosystems from Pakistan using passive sampling techniques. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:6023–6037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3987-6
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1994) Metalaxyl. United States Environmental Protection Agency Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-113501_1-Sep-94.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept 2020
van den Berg M, Kypke K, Kotz A, Tritscher A, Lee SY, Magulova K, Fiedler H, Malisch R (2017) WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding. Arch Toxicol 91:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1802-z
Vdovenko MM, Stepanova AS, Eremin SA, Van Cuong N, Uskova NA, Yu Sakharov I (2013) Quantification of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in oranges and mandarins by chemiluminescent ELISA. Food Chem 141:865–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.060
Wang Y, Guo S, Xue R, Qi S, Xu Y, Xue B, Yuan D (2011) Organochlorine pesticides in the soil of a karst cave in Guilin, China. Environ Monit Assess 180:489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1801-0
Wang W, Bai J, Zhang G, Jia J, Wang X, Liu X, Cui B (2019) Occurrence, sources and ecotoxicological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from urban, rural and reclamation-affected rivers of the Pearl River Delta, China. Chemosphere 218:359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.046
Wanwimolruk S, Kanchanamayoon O, Boonpangrak S, Prachayasittikul V (2015a) Food safety in Thailand 1: it is safe to eat watermelon and durian in Thailand. Environ Health Prev Med 20:204–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-015-0452-8
Wanwimolruk S, Kanchanamayoon O, Phopin K, Prachayasittikul V (2015b) Food safety in Thailand 2: pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries. Sci Total Environ 532:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.114
World Health Organization (2019) World Malaria Report 2019. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565721. Accessed 5 Sept 2020
Ye M, Beach J, Martin JW, Senthilselvan A (2015) Associations between dietary factors and urinary concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites in a Canadian general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 218:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.06.006
Zhang L, Rana I, Shaffer RM, Taioli E, Sheppard L (2019) Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Mutat Res 781:186–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001
Zheng W, Wang X, Yu H, Tao X, Zhou Y, Qu W (2011) Global trends and diversity in pentachlorophenol levels in the environment and in humans: a meta-analysis. Environ Sci Technol 45:4668–4675. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1043563
Zheng R, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Yang L, Zhang Z, Huang F (2015) Occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol causing lymphoma and hematopoietic malignancy for two generations. Toxicol Ind Health 31:328–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233712472520
Zheng S, Chen B, Qiu X, Chen M, Ma Z, Yu X (2016) Distribution and risk assessment of 82 pesticides in Jiulong River and estuary in South China. Chemosphere 144:1177–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.050
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Content was collaboratively constructed by RG and OS. RG completed literature search, data analysis, and manuscript draft.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grove, R., Sanchez, O. Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and Associations with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Review. Expo Health 14, 99–109 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00421-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00421-9