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Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Their Environmental Control in a Reclaimed Coastal Wetland in the Yangtze Estuary

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Abstract

Large areas of natural coastal wetlands have suffered severely from human-driven damages or conversions (e.g., land reclamations), but coastal carbon flux responses in reclaimed wetlands are largely unknown. The lack of knowledge of the environmental control mechanisms of carbon fluxes also limits the carbon budget management of reclaimed wetlands. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in a coastal wetland at Dongtan of Chongming Island in the Yangtze estuary was monitored throughout 2012 using the eddy covariance technique more than 14 years after this wetland was reclaimed using dykes to stop tidal flooding. The driving biophysical variables of NEE were also examined. The results showed that NEE displayed marked diurnal and seasonal variations. The monthly mean NEE showed that this ecosystem functioned as a CO2 sink during 9 months of the year, with a maximum value in September (−101.2 g C m−2) and a minimum value in November (−8.2 g C m−2). The annual CO2 balance of the reclaimed coastal wetland was −558.4 g C m−2 year−1. The ratio of ecosystem respiration (ER) to gross primary production (GPP) was 0.57, which suggests that 57 % of the organic carbon assimilated by wetland plants was consumed by plant respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration. Stepwise multiple linear regressions suggested that temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the two dominant micrometeorological variables driving seasonal variations in NEE, while soil moisture (M s) and soil salinity (PSs) played minor roles. For the entire year, PAR and daytime NEE were significantly correlated, as well as temperature and nighttime NEE. These nonlinear relationships varied seasonally: the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic rate (A max), apparent quantum yield (∂), and Q 10 reached their peak values during summer (17.09 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1), autumn (0.13 μmol CO2 μmol−1 photon), and spring (2.16), respectively. Exceptionally high M s or PSs values indirectly restricted ecosystem CO2 fixation capacity by reducing the PAR sensitivity of the NEE. The leaf area index (LAI) and live aboveground biomass (AGBL) were significantly correlated with NEE during the growing season. Although the annual net CO2 fixation rate of the coastal reclaimed wetland was distinctly lower than the unreclaimed coastal wetland in the same region, it was quite high relative to many inland freshwater wetlands and estuarine/coastal wetlands located at latitudes higher than this site. Thus, it is concluded that although the net CO2 fixation capacity of the coastal wetland was reduced by land reclamation, it can still perform as an important CO2 sink.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the members of the Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration in East China Normal University for their assistance with the collection of field data. We are grateful to the members of the Research Center for Saline Fisheries Technology in East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute for their insightful suggestions during the writing of this manuscript. We are also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers and the editors for their valuable comments and suggestions. Thanks are extended to Haiqiang Guo and Bin Zhao of Fudan University for kindly providing the CO2 flux information for the unreclaimed wetland. This project was supported by the basic research fund for central institutes of China (2015 M02) and the 2015 annual open research fund from Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration (SHUES2015A02).

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    1. Research Center for Saline Fisheries Technology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China

      Qicheng Zhong, Qifang Lai & Liang Zheng

    2. Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China

      Kaiyun Wang & Jiangtao Wang

    3. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China

      Chao Zhang

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    Zhong, Q., Wang, K., Lai, Q. et al. Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Their Environmental Control in a Reclaimed Coastal Wetland in the Yangtze Estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 39, 344–362 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-9997-4

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