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A critical review on phytoremediation of environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystem

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Abstract

The rapid urbanization and economic development have resulted in an unprecedented pollution of the entire biosphere. Aquatic ecosystems have become a sink for the discharge of numerous pollutants ranging from nutrients, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, pesticides, medicines, pathogens, and explosives. The accumulation of these pollutants poses a serious threat to aquatic biodiversity, and drinking contaminated water poses severe health hazards in humans. Phytoremediation, an eco-accommodating process, aids in the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem functionality by detoxifying, decomposing, converting, or chelating contaminants, allowing for the proper treatment of wastewater-contaminated water bodies. The development of phytoremediation technology was facilitated by the economic aspects and side effects of conventional treatment technologies. Nevertheless, constructed wetlands have acquired popularity among the numerous accessible methods for treating and recycling diverse wastewaters because they fulfill the criteria of sustainability, public health maintenance, esthetic balance, design intricacy, and cost. The prolonged-release of untreated industrial waste, domestic sewage, accidental spills, rainfall run-off, and direct solid waste disposal all have a substantial influence on aquatic environments. Both live and dead macrophyte biomass may be utilized in phytoremediation; however, dead biomass is typically favored for treating industrial effluents due to lower cost, ease of disposal, and lack of active biochemical machinery that causes metal toxicity and plant death. Some of the barriers to translating phytoremediation technology from the lab to the field include the issue of disposing of biomass and the seasonal growth of aquatic macrophytes. Yet, via numerous works, an eco-sustainable model has been created that could mitigate some of the restrictions. Macrophyte waste biomass has a wide range of productive uses. Future potential for the utilization of macrophytes in phytoremediation investigations includes genetic engineering, biodiversity exploration, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. This emerging technology may advance environmental science and technology using a multidisciplinary and integrated approach. This review, thus focuses on the various contaminants found in aquatic ecosystems, their treatment by various phytoremediation processes, some successful phytoremediation studies conducted so far for remediation purposes, and myriad types of constructed wetlands utilized for attenuating pollution levels in various types of wastewaters to bring them down to permissible levels.

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Funding

This research did not receive any grant and specific funding from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Sumaira Rashid & Bisma Nisar

  2. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Abbu Zaid

  3. Department of Botany, Government Gandhi Memorial Science College, Cluster University, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Abbu Zaid

  4. Department of Botany, Government Degree College Doda, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Tasir Sharief Per

  5. Department of Environmental Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, India

    Lone Rafiya Majeed

  6. Plant Tissue Culture and Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Shah Rafiq

  7. Department of Botany, Government Degree College Baramulla, Khawaja Bagh, Jammu and Kashmir, 193101, India

    Nasir Aziz Wagay

  8. Centre of Research for development, Department of Environment Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Naseer Ud-Din Shah

  9. Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Doda, 180006, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Mohd Aslam Rather

  10. Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Faisal Zulfiqar

  11. Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, 192101, India

    Shabir Hussain Wani

Authors
  1. Sumaira Rashid
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  2. Abbu Zaid
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  3. Tasir Sharief Per
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  4. Bisma Nisar
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  5. Lone Rafiya Majeed
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  6. Shah Rafiq
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  7. Nasir Aziz Wagay
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  8. Naseer Ud-Din Shah
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  9. Mohd Aslam Rather
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  10. Faisal Zulfiqar
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  11. Shabir Hussain Wani
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Contributions

SR, NAW, AZ, and TSP conceived the idea; SR, BN, LRM, SR, NAW, NUDS, AZ, and FZ wrote the manuscript; AZ, FZ, MAR, SHW, and TSP reviewed and edited the MS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Abbu Zaid or Tasir Sharief Per.

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This paper belongs to the Topical Collection “Vegetation Survey and Restoration of Ecosystems” edited by Michele De Sanctis and Fabio Attorre, that includes papers originated within the framework of the European Vegetation Survey working group activities, created by Sandro Pignatti on 1992.

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Rashid, S., Zaid, A., Per, T.S. et al. A critical review on phytoremediation of environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystem. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 34, 749–766 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-023-01169-x

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