Abstract
This study evaluated the capability of a thymol nanoemulsion (nTHY) to reduce cross-contamination with Salmonella Enteritidis in ground chicken meat. First, an nTHY (~ 54 nm) was prepared in a high-shear speed system (rotor–stator) and proved stable, remaining below 100 nm for 30 days in storage at 4 °C. Then, a minimum inhibitory concentration assay was performed by combining S. Enteritidis with viable native bacteria from chicken meat. nTHY presented half the MIC that was observed for its non-nanoemulsified versions for Salmonella Enteritidis (MIC = 0.31 mg/mL) and combined with native chicken bacteria (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). A chitosan (CH) coating containing nTHY (6 mg/mL), equivalent to 10 × MIC (S. Enteritidis + native chicken bacteria), was prepared for in situ evaluation. Two groups of distinct chicken fillets were prepared for cross-contamination during grinding: chicken fillets experimentally contaminated with S. Enteritidis (~ 6.5 log CFU/g) and chicken fillets without S. Enteritidis but with the applied treatments (control, coated with CH, nTHY, and CH + nTHY). nTHY showed a bacteriostatic effect throughout the 7 days of storage. The CH + nTHY coating was the best treatment applied, reducing cross-contamination by up to 1.91 log CFU/g compared to uncoated samples. Thymol nanoemulsions can be natural alternatives to guarantee the microbiological safety of meat and meat products.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Fundação Carlos Chagas de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil—grant number (E-26/010.000.984/2019; E-26/200.358/2021; E-26/201.813/2022; E-26/202.800/2023), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo—grant number (533/2020), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—grant number (313119/2020–1 and 140873/2021–0).
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Bruno Dutra da Silva: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing-Review, and Editing; Carini Aparecida Lelis: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing-Review, and Editing; Carolina Aparecida Ramos: Investigation; Denes Kaic Alves do Rosário: Supervision, Project administration, and Formal analysis; Writing-Review, and Editing; Yhan da Silva Mutz: Investigation, Writing-Review, and Editing; Carlos Adam Conte-Junior: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing-Review, and Editing.
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da Silva, B.D., Lelis, C.A., do Rosário, D.K.A. et al. A Novel Strategy for Reducing Salmonella Enteritidis Cross-Contamination in Ground Chicken Meat Using Thymol Nanoemulsion Incorporated in Chitosan Coatings. Food Bioprocess Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03283-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03283-y