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Multimorbidities in Allergic Rhinitis—Current Evidence from Epidemiological Studies, Treatment Trials, and Molecular Data

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Given that allergic rhinitis (AR) commonly coexists with other diseases, the present narrative review attempts a brief presentation of current theories on multimorbidities in relation to phenotypes, genotypes, age, and treatment responses with the term “multimorbidities” indicating the uncertainty regarding the primary defect, organ, or pathophysiologic mechanism involved.

Recent Findings

Though age-related manifestations allow for the generation of several hypotheses on AR’s specific mechanisms, the various theories regarding the initiation or the aggravation of atopic disorders have yet to be proved. Multimorbid AR seems to have a different genetic basis from “stand-alone” AR as well a more severe phenotype. Most studies on the treatment of AR and its multimorbidities focus on allergen immunotherapy, which improves the atopic symptoms and may play a preventive role in the onset of new allergen sensitizations. The use of biological factors may also have a beneficial effect, even though it has currently been approved only for some comorbidities of AR, such as asthma.

Summary

Employing the use of phenotypes and genotypes concerning multimorbidity broadens current knowledge, but further research is needed to develop diagnostic, stratificational, and predictive algorithms for single and multimorbid allergic diseases (Fig. 1). The real-time data obtained by mobile apps and the new insights on the pathophysiology of AR and its comorbidities will permit both timed preventive measures and better individualized and effective antiallergic treatment.

Current concepts and future trends in diagnosis and management of multimorbid allergic rhinitis

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Evangelismos Hospital, Ipsilantou 45-47, Athens, 106 76, Greece

    Ioannis M. Vlastos

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sismanoglio Hospital, Attiki, Greece

    Zacharias Kalentakis

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece

    Maria Doulaptsi, Alexander Karatzanis & Emmanuel P. Prokopakis

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Vlastos, I.M., Kalentakis, Z., Doulaptsi, M. et al. Multimorbidities in Allergic Rhinitis—Current Evidence from Epidemiological Studies, Treatment Trials, and Molecular Data. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 23, 133–140 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01063-w

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