Abstract
Worldwide, many medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are still collected from the wild and only a small fraction of them are exclusively sourced from cultivation. This practice when performed non-sustainably threatens species and populations. Micropropagation of MAPs is a powerful tool to conserve rare, threatened, and valuable MAPs, and to massively produce high-value plant material for cultivation without seasonal constraints. In this study, the in vitro propagation protocols of 22 Greek native MAPs assigned with conservation priority were assessed (herbaceous perennials, bulbous, subshrubs, and trees), including 17 range-restricted plants and 5 taxa of Orchidaceae. For the latter, current micropropagation efforts include seed germination, callus induction, and protocorm formation for successful plantlet development; however, these propagation protocols are still fragmentary. For the rest (n = 17), a five-stage detailed procedure is outlined (plant material, establishment, proliferation, rooting, and acclimatization), while materials, treatments, and data per stage are shown comparatively and discussed. Emphasis is given on the selection and preparation of plant material obtained from nature for research, sustainable use, and ex situ conservation actions, and on their effectiveness for conservation purposes or mass production needs. The protocol effectiveness was calculated using a specific equation to estimate the potential number of acclimatized plants raised from a single explant within a year. All protocols can facilitate conservation, and almost half of them could be used for commercialization with high cost (five cases), intermediate cost (eight), or low cost (four), which enables their possible sustainable use.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antonidaki-Giatromanolaki A, Dragassaki M, Vlahos I, Papadimitriou M (2006) Vegetative propagation in vivo and in vitro of Staehelina petiolata (L.) Hilliard & Burtt. Prop Orn Plant 6:187–193
Bernáth J, Németh É (2000) Ecological diversity of Hungarian medicinal and aromatic plant flora and its regional consequences. Int J Hort Sci 7:10–19
De Paoli G, Rossi V, Scozzoli A (1994) Micropropagazione Delle Piante Ortoflorofrutticole, 1a edizone. Edagricole, Cesena, Italy
Debergh PC, Maene L (1981) A scheme for commercial propagation of ornamental plants by tissue culture. Sci Hortic 14:335–345
Dias MC, Almeida R, Romano A (2002) Rapid clonal multiplication of Lavandula viridis L’Hér through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 68:99–102
Dimopoulos P, Raus T, Bergmeier E, Constantinidis T, Iatrou G, Kokkini S, Strid A, Tzanoudakis D (2016) Vascular plants of Greece: an annotated checklist. Supplement Willdenowia 46:301–347
Dimopoulos P, Raus Th, Bergmeier E, Constantinidis Th, Iatrou G, Kokkini S, Strid A, Tzanoudakis D (2013) Vascular plants of Greece: an annotated checklist –Englera 31, Ser. Publ. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and by Hellenic Botanical Society, Athens, Greece
Firoozabady E, Gutterson N (2003) Cost-effective in vitro propagation methods for pineapple. Plant Cell Rep 21:844–850
George EF, Debergh PC (2008) Micropropagation: uses and methods. In: George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Georghiou K, Delipetrou P (2010) Patterns and traits of the endemic plants of Greece. Bot J Linn Soc 162:130–422
Gonçalves S, Romano A (2013) In vitro culture of lavenders (Lavandula spp.) and the production of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 31:166–174
Grigoriadou K, Krigas N, Maloupa E (2011) GIS-facilitated in vitro propagation and ex situ conservation of Achillea occulta. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 107:531–540
Grigoriadou K, Krigas N, Maloupa E (2014) GIS-facilitated ex situ conservation of the rare Greek endemic Campanula incurva Aucher: seed germination requirements and effect of growth regulators on in vitro proliferation and rooting. Plant Biosyst 148:1169–1177
Hanlidou E, Lazari D (2013) Essential oils of Thymus leucospermus Hartvig, a Greek endemic rich in phenolic monoterpenes. Nat Prod Res 27:1800–1803
Hanlidou E, Karousou R, Lazari D (2012) Essential oils of three taxa of the Nepeta argolica aggregate from Greece. Chem Biodivers 9:1559–1566
Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies FT, Geneve RL (2002) Plant propagation principles and practices, 7th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp 367–374
Karioti A, Kitsaki C, Zygouraki S, Ziobora M, Samah D, Skaltsa H, Liakopoulos G (2008) Occurrence of flavonoids in Ophrys (Orchidaceae) flower parts. Flora 203:602–609
Kartsonas E, Papafotiou M (2007) Mother plant age and seasonal influence on in vitro propagation of Quercus euboica Pap., an endemic, rare and endangered oak species of Greece. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 90:111–116
Katsalirou E, Gerakis A, Haldas X, Deconninck G (2017) Optimal disinfection times for seeds of Mediterranean orchids propagated on nutrient media. Eur J Environ Sci 7:119–124
Kaur A, Sandhu JS (2015) High throughput in vitro micropropagation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) from spindle leaf roll segments: cost analysis for agri-business industry. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 120:339–350
Kitsaki CK, Zygouraki S, Ziobora M, Kintzios S (2004) In vitro germination, protocorm formation and plantlet development of mature versus immature seeds from several Ophrys species (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Rep 23:284–290
Korakis G, Vidakis K (2016) The aromatic and medicinal flora of Samothraki: a list of flora and description of the most important aromatic and medicinal plants on the island of Samothraki. Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Department of Forestry and Management of Environment and Natural Resources, Laboratory of Forestry Botany (In Greek) https://dasarxeio.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/korakis_samothrace_ar_far_xlodida.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Kreziou A, de Boer H, Gravendeel B (2015) Harvesting of salep orchids in north-western Greece continues to threaten natural populations. Oryx 1:1–4
Krigas N, Papadimitriou K, Mazaris AD (2012) GIS and ex-situ plant conservation. In: Alam BM (ed) Application of geographic information systems, In: Techopen.com, Rijeka, pp 153–174 https://www.intechopen.com/books/application-of-geographic-information-systems/gis-and-ex-situ-plant-conservation. Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Krigas N, Menteli V, Chrysanthou P, Vokou D (2017) The electronic trade in endemic plants of Cyprus through the Internet. Plant Biosyst 151:387–393
Krigas N, Menteli V, Vokou D (2014a) Analysis of the ex situ conservation of the Greek endemic flora at national, European and global scales and of its effectiveness in meeting GSPC Target 8. Plant Biosyst 150:573–582
Krigas N, Menteli V, Vokou D (2014b) The electronic trade in Greek endemic plants: biodiversity, commercial and legal aspects. Econ Bot 68:85–95
Krigas N, Mouflis G, Grigoriadou K, Maloupa E (2010) Conservation of important plants from the Ionian Islands at the Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, N Greece: using GIS to link the in situ collection data with plant propagation and ex-situ cultivation. Biodivers Conserv 19:3583–3603
Kupke J, Schwierz A, Niefind B (2000) Arznei- und gewürzpflanzen in osteuropa. anbau, verarbeitung und handel in 18 ausgewählten moe-ländern. Materialien zur Marktberichterstattung ZMP Bonn 34:1–95
Lange D (1996) Untersuchungen zum Heilpflanzenhandel in Deutschland. Ein Beitrag zum internationalen Artenschutz. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany
Lange D (1998) Europe’s medicinal and aromatic plants: their use, trade and conservation. TRAFFIC International, 219c Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
Litz RE, Moon PA, Chavez Avila VM (2008) Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of endangered cycad species. Acta Hortic 692:75–80
Lloyd G, McCown B (1980) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 30:421–427
Malmgren S (1996) Orchid propagation: theory and practice. In: Allen C (ed) North American native terrestrial orchids: propagation and production. North Am Native Terrestrial Orchid Conf, Germantown, Maryland, pp 63–71. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.131246
Maloupa E, Grigoriadou K, Papanastassi K, Krigas N (2008) Conservation, propagation, development and utilization of xerophytic species of the native Greek flora towards commercial floriculture. Acta Hortic 766:205–214
Martínez MT, San-José MC, Arrillaga I, Cano V, Morcillo M, Cernadas MJ, Corredoira E (2019) Holm oak somatic embryogenesis: current status and future perspectives. Front Plant Sci 10:239
Martini AN, Papafotiou M (2013) Effects of plant growth regulators and environmental factors on in vitro propagation of X Malosorbus florentina. Propag Ornam Plants 13:112–122
Martini AN, Papafotiou M, Vemmos SN (2013) Season and explant origin affect phenolic content, browning of explants, and micropropagation of X Malosorbus florentina (Zucc.) Browicz. HortScience 48:102–107
Minas GJ (2001) Cretan dittany apical meristem micro-propagation in-vitro. Miscellaneous Rep 80, ISSN 0253-6749 http://news.ari.gov.cy/publications/mr80-minas.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Molassiotis AN, Dimassi K, Therios I, Diamantidis G (2003) Fe-EDDHA promotes rooting of rootstock GF-677 (Prunus amygdalus X P. persica) explants in vitro. Biol Plant 47:141–144
Monteiro ACBA, Higashi EN, Goncalves AN, Rodriguez PM (2000) A novel approach for the definition of the inorganic medium components for micropropagation of yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 36:527–531
Mulas M, Mulas G (2005) Cultivar selection from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) spontaneous populations in the Mediterranean area. Acta Hortic 676:127–133
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Murch SJ, Peiris SE, Liu C-Z, Saxena PK (2004) In vitro conservation and propagation of medicinal plants. Biodivers 5:19–24
Ostrolucká MG, Gajdošová A, Libiaková G (2007) Protocol for micropropagation of Quercus spp. In: Jain SM, Häggman H (eds) Protocols for micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. The Netherlands, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 85–91
Öz GC, Yüzbaşioğlu E, Erol O, Üzen E (2008) In vitro propagation of Amsonia orientalis Decne (Apocynaceae). Afr J Biotechnol 7:3635–3638
Ozel C, Mahmood K, Arslan O, Unal F (2009) In vitro propagation of the golden grape hyacinth (Muscari macrocarpum Sweet) from twin scale explants. Propag Ornam Plant 9:169–175
Özhatay N (1997) The wild medicinal plant trade in Turkey: information on medicinal and aromatic vascular plants collected from natural habitats for internal and international trade, with conservation recommendations. Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği, Istanbul, Turkey
Panagouleas C, Skaltsa H, Lazari D, Skaltsounis AL, Sokovic M (2003) Antifungal activity of secondary metabolites of Centaurea raphanina ssp. mixta, growing wild in Greece. Pharm Biol 41:266–270
Papafotiou M, Kalantzis A (2009a) Seed germination and in vitro propagation of Sideritis athoa. Acta Hortic 813:471–476
Papafotiou M, Kalantzis A (2009b) Studies on in vitro propagation of Lithodora zahnii. Acta Hortic 813:465–470
Papafotiou M, Martini AN, Vlachou G (2017) In vitro propagation as a tool to enhance the use of native ornamentals in archaeological sites of Greece. Acta Hortic 1155:301–308
Phitos D, Constantinidis T, Kamari G (2009) The red data book of rare and threatened plants of Greece, vol 1 (A–D) and vol. 2 (E–Z). Hellenic Botanical Society, Patras, Greece (in Greek)
Phitos D, Strid A, Snogerup S, Greuter W (1995) The red data book of rare and threatened plants of Greece. WWF, Athens, Greece, pp 122–123
Ponert J, Vosolsobě S, Kmecová K, Lipavská H (2011) European orchid cultivation – from seed to mature plant. Eur J Environ Sci 1:95–107
Samaras G, Tantsi A, Papanastasi K, Grigoriadou K, Maloupa E (2012) In vitro propagation of the native aromatic medicinal plants Sideritis scardica Griseb. and Sideritis sipylea Boiss. Proc of the 25th conference of the Hellenic Society for Horticultural Science, 1-4 November 2011, Limassol, Cyprus, vol 2:246–248 (In Greek)
Sarropoulou V, Maloupa E (2016a) In vitro shoot proliferation of the endemic Sideritis scardica Griseb. plant species (Tea of Olympus mountain). Proc of the 16th Congress of the Hellenic Scientific Soc of Plant Breeding, 28-30 September, Florina, Greece http://www.plantbreeding.gr/assets/pdf/16o_ABSTRACTS.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2019
Sarropoulou V, Maloupa E (2016b) Αsexual propagation with tissue culture of Sideritis syriaca L. subsp. syriaca species (Crete mountain tea). Proc of the 16th Congress of the Hellenic Scientific Soc of Plant Breeding, 28–30 September, Florina, Greece http://www.plantbreeding.gr/assets/pdf/16o_ABSTRACTS.pdf ; Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Sarropoulou V, Maloupa E (2017a) In vitro propagation of the endemic Sideritis syriaca L. subsp. syriaca (Tea of Crete-Malotira-Kalokoimithia). Proc of 15th Scientific Congress of the Hellenic Botanical Society, 14-17 September, Chania, Crete, Greece http://www.hbs.gr/images/files/conferences/17/15ebeprogrammaperilhpseis2017.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Sarropoulou V, Maloupa E (2017b) Effect of the NO donor “sodium nitroprusside” (SNP), the ethylene inhibitor “cobalt chloride” (CoCl2) and the antioxidant vitamin E “α-tocopherol” on in vitro shoot proliferation of Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. raeseri. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 128:619–629
Šatović Z (2004) Legal protection, conservation and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Croatia. In: Bernáth J, Maggioni L, Lipman E (eds) Report on a working group on medicinal and aromatic plants, second meeting. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy
Schippmann U, Leaman D, Cunningham AB (2006) Cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D (eds) Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Wageningen UR Frontis Series no, p 17 http://library.wur.nl/frontis/medicinal_aromatic_plants/05_schipmann.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2019
Steele WK (1996) Large-scale seedling production of North American native terrestrial orchids. In: Allen C (ed) North American native terrestrial orchids. Propagation and production, North American Native Terrestrial Orchid Conf Proc, Germantown, Maryland, pp 11–26
Tsiftsis S, Tsiripidis I (2016) Threat categories of the Greek orchids (Orchidaceae). Bot Chron 21:43–74
Valletta A, Attorre F, Bruno F, Pasqua G (2008) In vitro asymbiotic germination of Orchis mascula L. Plant Biosyst 142:653–655
Zuzarte MR, Dinis AM, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro LR, Canhoto JM (2010) Trichomes essential oils and in vitro propagation of Lavandula pedunculata (Lamiaceae). Ind Crop Prod 32:580–558
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The work of Nikos Krigas, Katerina Grigoriadou, and George Tsoktouridis was supported by the project “Multifaceted Valorisation of single-country endemic plants of Crete, Greece, Tunisia and Rif, Morocco for sustainable exploitation in the agro-alimentary, horticultural-ornamental and medicinal-cosmetic sectors” (MULTI-VAL-END) which is funded through the ARIMNet2 2017 Joint Call by the following funding agencies: HAO-Demeter (Greece), MHESRT (Tunisia), and MESRSFC (Morocco); ARIMNet2 (ERA-NET) has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 618127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: Praveen Saxena
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grigoriadou, K., Krigas, N., Sarropoulou, V. et al. In vitro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants: the case of selected Greek species with conservation priority. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 55, 635–646 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-10014-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-10014-6