Abstract
Fluctuations of temperature and degree of saturation have considerable influence on the mechanical, hydraulic and retention properties of unsaturated soils. Localized failure is a ubiquitous feature of geomaterials. Major research on localized failure of geomaterials has been focused on geomaterials under the isothermal condition. In this article, we study the localized failure of unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions. In particular, we derive the isothermal and adiabatic bifurcation conditions from a homogeneous deformation at the constitutive level under a locally drained condition. A recently proposed meso-scale constitutive model for thermal unsaturated soils is used to derive the isothermal and adiabatic acoustic tensors. We present the spectral form of the consistent tangential elasto-plastic operator from a local material integration algorithm. The numerical simulations at the material level are conducted to study the impact of temperature on localized failure of unsaturated soils under the plane strain condition. The numerical results show that the timing and the critical angle of bifurcation are dependent on temperature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alonso EE, Gens A, Josa A (1990) A constitutive model for partially saturated soils. Géotechnique 40(3):405–430
Anders G, Radhakrishna H (1988) Computation of temperature field and moisture content in the vicinity of current carrying underground power cables. In: IEE proceedings C (generation, transmission and distribution), vol. 135, IET, pp 51–62
Bishop AW (1960) The principles of effective stress. Norges Geotekniske Institutt, Trondheim
Bishop AW, Blight G (1963) Some aspects of effective stress in saturated and partly saturated soils. Géotechnique 13(3):177–197
Bolzon G, Schrefler BA (2005) Thermal effects in partially saturated soils: a constitutive model. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 29(9):861–877
Borja RI (2002) Bifurcation of elastoplastic solids to shear band mode at finite strain. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 191(46):5287–5314
Borja RI (2004) Cam-clay plasticity, Part V: A mathematical framework for three-phase deformation and strain localization analyses of partially saturated porous media. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193:5301–5338
Borja RI (2013) Plasticity modeling & computation. Springer, Berlin
Borja RI, Song X, Wu W (2013) Critical state plasticity. Part VII: Triggering a shear band in variably saturated porous media. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 261–262:66–82
Borja RI, Tamagnini C (1998) Cam-clay plasticity. Part III: Extension of the infinitesimal model to include finite strains. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 155(1):73–95
Borja RI, Tamagnini C, Amorosi A (1997) Coupling plasticity and energy-conserving elasticity models for clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(10):948–957
Buscarnera G, Nova R (2011) Modelling instabilities in triaxial testing on unsaturated soil specimens. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 35(2):179–200
Callari C, Armero F, Abati A (2010) Strong discontinuities in partially saturated poroplastic solids. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199(23):1513–1535
Coussy O (2004) Poromechanics. Wiley, Hoboken
De Boer R (2000) Theory of porous media: highlights in historical development and current state. Springer, New York
De Borst R, Sluys L, Muhlhaus HB, Pamin J (1993) Fundamental issues in finite element analyses of localization of deformation. Eng Comput 10(2):99–121
Dumont M, Taibi S, Fleureau JM, Abou-Bekr N, Saouab A (2011) A thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated soils based on the effective stress concept. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 35(12):1299–1317
Dusseault MB, Wang Y, Simmons J (1988) Induced stresses near a fire flood front. AOSTRa J Res 4:153–170
Duszek MK, Perzyna P (1991) The localization of plastic deformation in thermoplastic solids. Int J Solids Struct 27(11):1419–1443
Ehlers W, Graf T, Ammann M (2004) Deformation and localization analysis of partially saturated soil. Computer Methods Appl Mech Eng 193(27):2885–2910
François B, Laloui L (2008) Acmeg-ts: a constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions. Int J Numer Anal Method Geomech 32(16):1955–1988
Fredlund DG (2006) Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(3):286–321
Fredlund DG, Xing A (1994) Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 31(4):521–532
Gallipoli D, Gens A, Sharma R, Vaunat J (2003) An elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soil incorporating the effects of suction and degree of saturation on mechanical behaviour. Géotechnique 53(1):123–136
Gens A (1995) Constitutive laws. Springer, New York
Gens A (2010) Soil-environment interactions in geotechnical engineering. Géotechnique 60(1):3–74
Grant SA, Salehzadeh A (1996) Calculation of temperature effects on wetting coefficients of porous solids and their capillary pressure functions. Water Resour Res 32(2):261–270
Hill R (1962) Acceleration waves in solids. J Mech Phys Solids 10(1):1–16
Hueckel T, Borsetto M (1990) Thermoplasticity of saturated soils and shales: constitutive equations. J Geotech Eng 116(12):1765–1777
Jefferies M (1993) Nor-sand: a simple critical state model for sand. Geotechnique 43(1):91–103
Khalili N, Geiser F, Blight G (2004) Effective stress in unsaturated soils: review with new evidence. Int J Geomech 4(2):115–126
Laloui L, François B (2009) Acmeg-t: soil thermoplasticity model. J Eng Mech 135(9):932–944
Laloui L, Nuth M, Vulliet L (2006) Experimental and numerical investigations of the behaviour of a heat exchanger pile. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 30(8):763–781
Lu N, Likos WJ (2006) Suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(2):131–142
Mašín D, Khalili N (2012) A thermo-mechanical model for variably saturated soils based on hypoplasticity. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 36(12):1461–1485
Mitchell JK, Abdel-hadi ON (1979) Temperature distributions around buried cables. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 4:1158–1166
Nikooee E, Habibagahi G, Hassanizadeh SM, Ghahramani A (2013) Effective stress in unsaturated soils: a thermodynamic approach based on the interfacial energy and hydromechanical coupling. Transport Porous Media 96(2):369–396
Nuth M, Laloui L (2008) Effective stress concept in unsaturated soils: clarification and validation of a unified framework. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32(7):771–801
Perić D, Zhao G, Khalili N (2014) Strain localization in unsaturated elastic-plastic materials subjected to plane strain compression. J Eng Mech 140(7):1–12
Rice J, Rudnicki J (1980) A note on some features of the theory of localization of deformation. Int J Solids Struct 16(7):597–605
Romero E, Gens A, Lloret A (2001) Temperature effects on the hydraulic behaviour of an unsaturated clay. Geotech Geol Eng 19(3–4):311–332
Romero E, Gens A, Lloret A (2003) Suction effects on a compacted clay under non-isothermal conditions. Géotechnique 53(1):65–81
Rudnicki JW, Rice J (1975) Conditions for the localization of deformation in pressure-sensitive dilatant materials. J Mech Phys Solids 23(6):371–394
Salager S, El Youssoufi MS, Saix C (2010) Definition and experimental determination of a soil-water retention surface. Can Geotech J 47(6):609–622
Salager S, El Youssoufi MS, Saix C (2010) Effect of temperature on water retention phenomena in deformable soils: theoretical and experimental aspects. Eur J Soil Sci 61(1):97–107
Salager S, Francois B, Youssoufi ME, Laloui L, Saix C (2008) Experimental investigations of temperature and suction effects on compressibility and pre-consolidation pressure of a sandy silt. Soils Found 48(4):453–466
Salager S, Rizzi M, Laloui L (2011) An innovative device for determining the soil water retention curve under high suction at different temperatures. Acta Geotechnica 6(3):135–142
Schiava R, Etse G (2006) Constitutive modeling and discontinuous bifurcation assessment in unsaturated soils. J Appl Mech 73(6):1039–1044
Schrefler B (1984) The finite element method in soil consolidation. Ph.D. thesis, University College of Swansea
Semnani SJ, White JA, Borja RI (2016) Thermoplasticity and strain localization in transversely isotropic materials based on anisotropic critical state plasticity. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 40(18):2423–2449
Simo JC, Hughes TJ (1999) Computational inelasticity, vol 7. Springer, New York
Song X (2014) Strain localization in unsaturated porous media. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University
Song X (2017) Transient bifurcation condition of partially saturated porous media at finite strain. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 41(1):135–156
Song X, Borja RI (2014) Finite deformation and fluid flow in unsaturated soils with random heterogeneity. Vadose Zone J 13(5):1–11
Song X, Borja RI (2014) Mathematical framework for unsaturated flow in the finite deformation range. Int J Numer Methods Eng 97(9):658–682
Song X, Borja RI (2015) A meso-scale thermal plasticity model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation. ASCE EMI abstract, Stanford University
Song X, Borja RI, Wu W (2013) Triggering a shear band in variably saturated porous materials. In: Poromechanics V@ sProceedings of the fifth biot conference on poromechanics, pp 367–370, ASCE
Song X, Idinger G, Borja RI, Wu W (2012) Finite element simulation of strain localization in unsaturated soils. In: Unsaturated soils: research and applications, pp. 189–195, Springer
Uchaipichat A, Khalili N (2009) Experimental investigation of thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of an unsaturated silt. Geotechnique 59(4):339–353
Van Genuchten MT (1980) A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44(5):892–898
Vardoulakis I (1985) Stability and bifurcation of undrained, plane rectilinear deformations on water-saturated granular soils. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 9(5):399–414
Vardoulakis I (1996) Deformation of water-saturated sand: I. uniform undrained deformation and shear banding. Géotechnique 46(3):441–456
Wu W, Li X, Charlier R, Collin F (2004) A thermo-hydro-mechanical constitutive model and its numerical modelling for unsaturated soils. Comput Geotech 31(2):155–167
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive reviews. Their comments were truly helpful in improving the paper from its first version.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Song, X., Wang, K. & Ye, M. Localized failure in unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions. Acta Geotech. 13, 73–85 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0534-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0534-4