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Determinations of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices with focus on microextraction techniques: a review of fundamentals and state-of-the-art extraction methods

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Abstract

Purpose

This review article provides a detailed discussion of studies in which microextraction techniques are applied for the determination of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in biological samples. Definitions and classifications of NPS are highlighted as well as the fundamentals of the microextraction techniques used in their analyses.

Methods

A complete literature search was carried out with PubMed, Scopus and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords, e.g., NPS, microextraction and biological fluids.

Results

The determinations of NPS in biological samples remain a challenge for analytical laboratories due to its wide diversity of compounds. The utilization of microextraction techniques in this context is still not many. However, the 96 deep well plate for microextraction and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) can be highlighted as the most explored configurations. Microextraction approaches have the potential to be further improved and optimized to provide rapid and low-cost analyses with reliable results.

Conclusions

There is a wide scope of microextraction techniques to be explored in the field of toxicology and NPS determinations. These techniques are compatible with recent trends of automation and miniaturization, which can enable a straightforward workflow for NPS analyses.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Coordination of Improvement of Personal Higher Education, Brazil [CAPES—Finance Code 001].

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  1. Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil

    Letícia Birk, Sara O. Santos, Sarah Eller, Josias O. Merib & Tiago F. Oliveira

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Birk, L., Santos, S.O., Eller, S. et al. Determinations of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices with focus on microextraction techniques: a review of fundamentals and state-of-the-art extraction methods. Forensic Toxicol 39, 350–367 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-021-00582-x

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