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Sustainable development and pollution: the effects of CO2 emission on population growth, food production, economic development, and energy consumption in Pakistan

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Abstract

Population growth has been a leading driver of global CO2 emissions over the last several decades. CO2 emission and greenhouse gas emissions are a key issue in the world that affects food production and also causes the climate change. The core purpose of this study was to inspect the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, food production, economic growth, livestock and energy utilization in Pakistan. The STIRPAT (Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology) model with the extension of an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method was utilized to demonstrate the linkage amid variables. Outcomes during short-run investigation reveal that variables population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production uncovered a productive association with CO2 emission. Furthermore, via long-run population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production and energy utilization have positive interaction with CO2 emission, while the variables food production and urban population growth demonstrated an adverse influence to CO2 emission during long- and short-run interaction. Similarly, the error correction model exposed that population growth, economic progress, livestock and energy utilization have constructive interaction to CO2 emission, while the variables food production, urban and rural population growth exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission. On the basis of this analysis, we will address the strategic consequences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China

    Abdul Rehman & Hengyun Ma

  2. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cag University, 33800, Mersin, Turkey

    Ilhan Ozturk

  3. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Ilhan Ozturk

  4. Department of Finance, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan

    Ilhan Ozturk

  5. Department of Economics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Recep Ulucak

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  1. Abdul Rehman
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  2. Hengyun Ma
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Contributions

Abdul Rehman: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, visualization; writing the original draft; Hengyun Ma and Ilhan Ozturk: investigation, visualization, review and editing; Recep Ulucak: review, editing and made suggestions of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdul Rehman.

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Rehman, A., Ma, H., Ozturk, I. et al. Sustainable development and pollution: the effects of CO2 emission on population growth, food production, economic development, and energy consumption in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 17319–17330 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16998-2

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