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Obstructive sleep apnea affects cognition: dual effects of intermittent hypoxia on neurons

  • Sleep Breathing Physiology and Disorders • Review
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Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common respiratory disorder. Multiple organs, especially the central nervous system (CNS), are damaged, and dysfunctional when intermittent hypoxia (IH) occurs during sleep for a long time. The quality of life of individuals with OSA is significantly impacted by cognitive decline, which also escalates the financial strain on their families. Consequently, the development of novel therapies becomes imperative. IH induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, iron deposition, and neuroinflammation in neurons. Synaptic dysfunction, reactive gliosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and inhibition of neurogenesis can lead to learning and long-term memory impairment. In addition to nerve injury, the role of IH in neuroprotection was also explored. While causing neuron damage, IH activates the neuronal self-repairing mechanism by regulating antioxidant capacity and preventing toxic protein deposition. By stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), IH has the potential to enhance the ratio of neonatal neurons and counteract the decline in neuron numbers. This review emphasizes the perspectives and opportunities for the neuroprotective effects of IH and informs novel insights and therapeutic strategies in OSA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

    Yao He, Na Dong, Xiao Wang & Ren-jun Lv

  2. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

    Qin Yu & Hong-mei Yue

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All authors contributed to the conceptualization and design of this review. Searching literature and proposing viewpoints were performed by N.D., X.W., and H.-m.Y. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Y.H., and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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He, Y., Dong, N., Wang, X. et al. Obstructive sleep apnea affects cognition: dual effects of intermittent hypoxia on neurons. Sleep Breath (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-024-03001-8

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