Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

It Don’t Affect Them Like it Affects Us: Disenfranchised Grief of Black Boys in the Wake of Peer Homicide

  • Published:
The Urban Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 20 December 2021

This article has been updated

Abstract

Black boys’ grief coping with peer homicide remain under-researched and undertheorized. This is especially significant when combined with the emerging understanding that Black boys may experience homicidal death in significantly different ways and durations than others. This manuscript examines the experiences of three Black boys attending an urban school, in the wake of the homicidal death of their peer. We purport the absence of grief counselors and the lack of administrative sensitivity, created a misalignment between the boys’ need to grieve, and systems within an urban school context that denied and erased trauma. Drawing from concepts of disenfranchised grief, we situate our analysis using a theory of proximal processes. This framework reveals a perspective that counters the hegemonic ontologies which deny Black boys’ the right to grieve. Furthermore, in examining one Black male mentor’s support of the boys in the aftermath of this tragedy, this manuscript contributes to an increased awareness of the need for urban school policies and practices that reflect reframed understandings of Black boys' mourning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

Notes

  1. We use Black and African−American interchangeably.

  2. All names are pseudonyms to protect the confidentiality of participants.

  3. Author One applied to the Institutional Review Boards of both her university and the school district and was granted permission that the school's administration further supported. A letter of introduction endorsed by the school administration was also sent to the mentees' parents for consent. All study participants had parental consent and assented for themselves.

  4. Author One sat at the end of the table so the boys could be closest to Mr. King. She audio-recorded the meetings using a handheld digital device and jotted down notes.

References

  • Balk, D. E., Zaengle, D., & Corr, C. A. (2011). Strengthening grief support for adolescents coping with a peer’s death. School Psychology International, 32(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311400826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, R. K. (2001). Death and dying in the Black experience: An interview with Ronald K Barrett, Ph.D. Innovations in End-of-Life Care, 3(5), 173–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordere, T. C. (2008–2009). To look at death another way: Black teenage males' perspectives on second-lines and regular funerals in New Orleans. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 58, 213–232.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (Ed.). (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Sage Publications Ltd.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues. (pp. 187–249). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (5th edn., pp. 993–1028). New York, NY: Wiley.

  • Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure toviolence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt-Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying, 61(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.1.a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busby, D., Lambert, S., & Ialongo, N. (2013). Psychological symptoms linking exposure to community violence and academic functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 250–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doka, K. J. (Ed.). (2002). Disenfranchised grief: New directions, challenges, and strategies for practice. Champaign: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doka, K. J. (2008). Disenfranchised grief in historical and cultural perspective. In Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 223–240). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-011

  • Doka, K. J., & Martin, T. L. (2010). Grieving beyond gender: Understanding the ways men and women mourn. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas, M., & Nelson, J. (2016). (Re)Imagining Black boyhood: Toward a critical framework for educational research. Harvard Educational Review, 86(1), 27–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutil, S. (2019). Adolescent traumatic and disenfranchised grief: Adapting an evidence-based intervention for Black and Latinx youths in schools. Children and Schools, 41(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdz009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyregrov, K. (2004). Bereaved parents’ experience of research participation. Social Science & Medicine, 58(2), 391–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans-Winter, V. (2019). Black feminism in qualitative inquiry: A mosaic for writing our daughter’s body. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, A. (2001). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press .

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, S. R. (2015). Success in these schools? Visual counternarratives of young men of color in urban public schools. Urban Education, 50(2), 139–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085915569738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, T. (2013). How does it feel to be a problem? Black male students, schools, and learning in enhancing the knowledge base to disrupt deficit frameworks. Review of Research in Education, 37, 54–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J. J. (1998). “Warm Demanders” Education Week

  • Kennedy, A. (2008). An ecological approach to examining cumulative violence exposure among urban, African American adolescents. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25, 25–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, S., Nylund-Gibson, K., Copeland-Linder, N., & Ialongo, N. (2010). Patterns of community violence: Exposure during adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 289–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurie, A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). African Americans in bereavement: Grief as a function of ethnicity. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 57(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.57.2.d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, E. (2014). Disenfranchised grief and social inequality: Bereaved African Canadians and oppositional narratives about the violent deaths of friends and family members. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(11), 2092–2109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.800569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merçon-Vargas, E. A., Lima, R. F. F., Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2020). Processing proximal processes: What Bronfenbrenner meant, what he didn’t mean, and what he should have meant. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 12(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, H. R. (2012). But what is urban education? Urban Education, 47(3), 556–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085912447516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pabon, A. (2016). Waiting for black superman: A look at a problematic assumption. Urban Education, 51(8), 915–939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914553673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paris, D., & Winn, M. (2014). Humanizing research: Decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Piazza-Bonin, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Burke, L. A., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., & Young, A. (2015). Disenfranchised grief following African American homicide loss: An inductive case study. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 70(4), 404–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815573727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J., & St. Vil, C. . (2015). Putting in work: Black male youth, joblessness, violence, crime, and the code of the street. Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men, 3(2), 71–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowling, L. (2002). Youth and disenfranchised grief. In K. J. Doka (Ed.), Disenfranchised grief: New directions, challenges, and strategies for practice. (pp. 275–292). Chennai: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. (2015). Unequal burdens of loss: Examining the frequency and timing of homicide deaths experienced by young black men across the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), 483–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., & Patton, D. (2016). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context: Examining trauma responses to violent exposures and homicide death among Black males in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(2), 212–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voisin, D. R., Bird, J. D. P., Hardestry, M., & Shiu, C. S. (2011). African American adolescents living and coping with community violence on Chicago’s Southside. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2483–2498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilsey, S. A., & Shear, M. K. (2007). Descriptions of social support in treatment narratives of complicated grievers. Death Studies, 31(9), 801–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amber Jean-Marie Pabon.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this article was revised: the references cited in abstract section has been removed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pabon, A.JM., Basile, V. It Don’t Affect Them Like it Affects Us: Disenfranchised Grief of Black Boys in the Wake of Peer Homicide. Urban Rev 54, 67–82 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-021-00605-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-021-00605-2

Keywords

Navigation