Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical Simulation-Based Characterization of HAZ Properties in Steels. Part 2. Dual-Phase Steels

  • Published:
Strength of Materials Aims and scope

The development of high-strength weldable steels has diversified the range of design alternatives subjected to more and more severe operation conditions. An excellent combination of high work-hardening rate and ductility improved the ultimate tensile strength of dual-phase (DP) steels and made them lucrative for application in automotive industry. The paper focuses on HAZ hardening and softening of three automotive DP steels, which affect their mechanical properties and their crack susceptibility, respectively. A Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator was used to simulate the welding thermal cycles for all HAZ subzones that correspond to TIG welding of three DP steels. Steel samples were heated to different peak temperatures (650, 775, 950, and 1350°C) and cooled at two cooling times of 5 and 30 s. The Rykalin 2D model was used for the numerical simulation of this process. The hardness and microstructure of the specimens were then tested and analyzed using Vicker’s hardness test and optical microscope, respectively. In the investigated cooling time range, the HAZ of the examined cold-rolled DP steels was more susceptible to softening than to hardening. The softening occurred in almost all HAZ sub-regions but was the most pronounced in the fine-grained and intercritical HAZ, where we recorded the highest decrease in hardness for all DP steels. With an increase in heat input and longer cooling time, softening occurred in CGHAZ of all three DP steels under study, which can be attributed to the formation of upper bainite.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Wrozyna, M. Pernach, R. Kuziak, and M. Pietrzyk, “Experimental and numerical simulations of phase transformations occurring during continuous annealing of DP steel strips,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 25, No. 4, 1481–1491 (2016), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-1907-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Lukács, “Fatigue crack propagation limit curves for high strength steels based on two-stage relationship,” Eng. Fail. Anal., 103, 431–442 (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.05.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. V. Balázs, P. Timothy, and M. Kornél, “Development and comparison of quantitative phase analysis for duplex stainless-steel weld,” Period. Polytech. Mech., 62, No. 3, 247–253 (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPme.12234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Paveebunvipak and V. Uthaisangsuk, “Microstructure based modeling of deformation and failure of spot-welded advanced high strength steels sheets,” Mater. Design, 160, 731–751(2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Mohrbacher, M. Spöttl, and J. Paegle, “Innovative manufacturing technology enabling light weighting with steel in commercial vehicles,” Adv. Manuf., 3, No. 1, 3–18 (2015), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-015-0101-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Schrek, P. Švec, and A. Brusilová, “Formability of tailor-welded blanks from dual-phase and bakehardened steels with a planar anisotropy influence,” Strength Mater., 49, No. 4, 550–554 (2017), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-017-9898-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Švec and A. Schrek, “Microstructure and microhardness of fiber laser welded dual-phase steels with high-strength low-alloy steels,” Strength Mater., 49, No. 4, 531–538 (2017), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-017-9896-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. K. Weman and G Linden, MIG Welding Guide, Woodhead Publishing (2006).

  9. R. P. S. Sisodia and M. Gáspár, “Physical simulation-based characterization of HAZ properties in steels. Part 1. High-strength steels and their hardness profiling,” Strength Mater., 51, No. 3, 490–499 (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-019-00094-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. R. Askeland, and P. P. Phulé, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning (2003).

  11. C. R. Brooks, Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, ASM International (1996).

  12. R. G. Davies, “Influence of martensite composition and content on the properties of dual phase steels,” Metall. Trans. A, 9, No. 5, 671–679 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Tervo, J. Mourujarvi, A. Kaijalainen, and J. Kömi, “Mechanical properties in the physically simulated heat-affected zones of 500 MPa offshore steel for arctic conditions,” in: K. Jarmai and B. Bollo (Eds.), Vehicle and Automotive Engineering 2, VAE 2018, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer, Cham (2018), pp. 779–788.

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. Gáspár, A. Balogh, and I. Sas, “Physical simulation aided process optimization aimed sufficient HAZ toughness for quenched and tempered AHSS,” in: Proc. of the IIW Int. Conf. High-Strength Materials – Challenges and Applications (Helsinki, Finland, 2015).

  15. S. Heikkilä, D. Porter, L. Karjalainen, et al., “Hardness profiles of quenched steel heat affected zones,” Mater. Sci. Forum, 762, 722–727 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. QuikSim TMSoftware, Heat Affected Zone Programming Manual.

  17. N. Rykalin, Heating Processes when Welding [in Russian], Academy of Science, Moscow (1953).

  18. L. Prém, Z. Bézi Z., and A. Balogh, “Development of complex spot welding technologies for automotive DP steels with FEM support,” in: K. Jármai and B. Bollo (Eds.), Vehicle and Automotive Engineering, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer, Cham (2017), doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51189-4_36.

    Google Scholar 

  19. P. Tsipouridis, Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steels, Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität München (2006).

  20. J. F. Shackelford and W. Alexander, Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  21. R. W. K. Honeycombe and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, Steels: Microstructure and Properties, Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  22. ASTM E384-11e1. Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2011).

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the European Union and the Hungarian State, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the GINOP-2.3.4-15-2016-00004 project, aimed to promote the cooperation between the higher education and the industry.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Information Science, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary

    M. Gáspár, R. P. S. Sisodia & A. Dobosy

Authors
  1. M. Gáspár
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. P. S. Sisodia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Dobosy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Gáspár.

Additional information

Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 144 – 155, September – October, 2019.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gáspár, M., Sisodia, R.P.S. & Dobosy, A. Physical Simulation-Based Characterization of HAZ Properties in Steels. Part 2. Dual-Phase Steels. Strength Mater 51, 805–815 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-019-00128-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-019-00128-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation