Skip to main content
Log in

Negating gradable adjectives

  • Published:
Natural Language Semantics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this short paper, I analyze the syntax and semantics of the prefix un- with gradable adjectives like unhappy and compare it to the syntax and semantics of not. Within the framework of Collins and Postal (2014), I propose that un- and not have the same semantics but negate different constituents, accounting for the differences in interpretation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bierwisch, Manfred. 1989. The semantics of gradation. In Dimensional adjectives, eds. Manfred Bierwisch and Ewald Lang, 71–261. Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blutner, Reinhard. 2004. Pragmatics and the lexicon. In The handbook of pragmatics, eds. Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward, 488–514. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, John. 1993. The syntax of predication. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 591–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Chris, and Paul Postal. 2014. Classical NEG raising. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Chris, and Paul Postal. 2017. Interclausal NEG raising and the scope of negation. Glossa 2(1): 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq, Karen, and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd. 2019. Negation and the functional sequence. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 37: 425–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elbourne, Paul. 2021. Literal vs. enriched meaning: It’s raining. In The Wiley companion to semantics, eds. Lisa Matthewson, Cécile Meier, Hotze Rullmann, and Thomas Ede Zimmermann. Hoboken: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118788516.sem035.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Heim, Irene. 2006. Little. In SALT XVI, eds. M. Gibson and J. Howell, 35–58. Ithaca: Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, Laurence. 2000. any and (-)ever: Free choice and free relatives. In The proceedings of the fifteenth annual conference of the Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics, ed. Adam Zachary Wyner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, Laurence. 2001. A natural history of negation. Stanford: CSLI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, Laurence. 2017. Lie-toe-tease: Double negatives and unexcluded middles. Philosophical Studies 174: 79–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, Otto. 1917. Negation in English and other languages. Copenhagen: A. F. Høst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Beom-mo. 1993. Unhappier is really a “bracketing paradox”. Linguistic Inquiry 34: 788–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayne, Richard. 2017. Antisymmetry and morphology. Prefixes vs. suffixes. In Festschrift für Martin Prinzhorn, eds. Clemens Mayr and Edwin Williams. Vol. 82 of Wiener Linguistische Gazette, 145–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher. 2001. Polar opposition and the ontology of ‘degrees’. Linguistics and Philosophy 24: 33–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher, and Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates. Language 81: 345–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klima, Edward. 1964. Negation in English. In The structure of language, eds. Jerry A. Fodor and Jerrold J. Katz, 246–323. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratzer, Angelika. 1996. Severing the external argument from its verb. In Phrase structure and the lexicon, eds. J. Rooryck and L. Zaring, 109–137. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Krifka, Manfred. 2007. Negated antonyms: Creating and filling the gap. In Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics, eds. Uli Sauerland and Penka Stateva, 163–177. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230210752_6.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Langendoen, Terence, and Thomas G. Bever. 1973. Can a not unhappy person be called a not sad one? In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, eds. Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 392–409. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partee, Barbara, and Mats Rooth. 1983. Generalized conjunction and type ambiguity. In Formal semantics: The essential readings, eds. Paul Portner and Barbara H. Partee, 334–356. Hoboken: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470758335.ch14.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sproat, Richard. 1992. Unhappier is not a “bracketing paradox”. Linguistic Inquiry 23: 347–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellwood, Alexis. 2019. The meaning of more. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, Karl E. 1964. Affixal negation in English and other languages. Supplement to Word 20, Monograph No. 5.

Download references

Acknowledgements

I thank the editor and two reviewers for useful feedback on an earlier version of this paper. I also thank Paul Postal and Larry Horn for many relevant discussions about negation over the last decade.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chris Collins.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Collins, C. Negating gradable adjectives. Nat Lang Semantics 31, 121–137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-023-09204-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-023-09204-1

Keywords

Navigation