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Palaeohydrological changes recorded from a small Moroccan Middle Atlas pond during the last 6000 cal. yr BP: a multi-proxy study

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Abstract

The perennial and seasonal wetland diversity of the Moroccan Middle Atlas region provides a valuable “test-bed” for understanding the response of different hydrosystems to climatic variations. A multiproxy study, based on sedimentological descriptions, together with mineralogy, carbonate content, XRF core scanning and biological proxies supported by AMS 14C dates, were applied to the 3-m-long core extracted from “Flowers Marsh”, a small Middle Atlas pond. This approach provides evidence for a continuous paleohydrological and paleoenvironmental record during the Mid- to Late Holocene. The investigated aquatic system evolved from a dry or very shallow waterbody towards a system with a progressively rising water level. The dominance of the detrital fraction with poor preservation of bioindicators and eroded pollen, indicate the existence of an ephemeral waterbody from 6000 cal. yr BP until a transitional phase characterized by new sedimentological facies and the appearance of ostracods around 2300 cal. yr BP. This transition, ending at 2000 cal. yr BP, is interpreted as a flooding phase leading to an ephemeral lake. It is certainly fed by the excess water from the nearby Aguelmam Azigza Lake during its high level period. Afterwards, enhanced organic matter deposition and the appearance of well-preserved diatoms until 1400 cal. yr BP corroborate a high water-level trend. Endogenic carbonate to detrital fraction ratios indicate fluctuating, but generally shallow, water levels from 1400 cal. yr BP until 650 cal. yr BP when a relatively rapid rise in water level occurred. Flowers Marsh data are, generally, consistent with most of the existing regional records. The highstand period recorded between 2000 and 1400 cal. yr is a common feature extending to more distant sites from the northern Mediterranean. It corresponds to the wetter Iberian-Roman period. Fluctuating shallow water levels recorded since 1400 cal. yr BP to now could be linked to drier/wetter phases associated with the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age (650– 150 cal. yr BP) respectively, in the western Mediterranean realm. The present study demonstrates the ability of Flowers Marsh to record valuable palaeohydrological changes since the Mid-Holocene and confirms the high sensitivity of Middle Atlas hydrosystems to climatic changes.

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Fig. 1

(modified from Saadi 1982) and the location of the study site (FM) and other paleoclimate studies cited in the text: 1, Ait Ichou Marsh (Tabel et al. 2016); 2, Lake Tigalmamine (Cheddadi et al. 1998; Lamb and van der Kaars 1995; Lamb and van der Kaars 1995; Cheddadi et al. 1998); 3, Aguelmam Sidi Ali (Campbell et al. 2017; Zielhofer et al. 2017); 4, Ras El Ma marsh (Nour El Bait et al. 2014); 5, Lake Iffer (Damnati et al. 2015). B: Simplified geological map of the studied area (derived from the geological map of Morocco 1/1 000 000). C: Map of the High Oum Er-Rbia watershed, including topography and hydrographic network. D: Satellite image (Google Earth-2016) showing Flowers Marsh and Aguelmam Azigza situation

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the French-Moroccan cooperation program PHC Toubkal/16/38 - Campus France: 34728VH. The authors also thank Mistrals/Paleomex and CNRST (Morocco) for financial support. Part of the Radiocarbon dating was performed at the LMC14 laboratory with the French ARTEMIS Program. D. Barboni is thanked for the preparation and observation of coprophilous fungi spore samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Géoressources, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, CNRST (URAC 42), Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

    Hanane Id Abdellah

  2. CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France

    Hanane Id Abdellah, Laurence Vidal, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Corinne Sonzogni, Jean-Charles Mazur, Christine Paillès & Florence Sylvestre

  3. Laboratoire Géoressources, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, CNRST (URAC 42), Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

    Abdelfattah Benkaddour & Ali Rhoujjati

  4. iXblue Sonar Systems Division, La Ciotat, France

    Guillaume Jouve

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  1. Hanane Id Abdellah
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Correspondence to Hanane Id Abdellah.

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Id Abdellah, H., Vidal, L., Benkaddour, A. et al. Palaeohydrological changes recorded from a small Moroccan Middle Atlas pond during the last 6000 cal. yr BP: a multi-proxy study. J Paleolimnol 65, 279–297 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00166-6

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