Abstract
The main aim of the current study was to identify the links between attachment and psychological well-being (PWB) and analyze the personality characteristics that mediated these relationships. The sample was made up of 1403 adults (mean age 37.2 years). The results indicated positive correlations between secure attachment and PWB dimensions, whereas avoidant and anxious attachment were negatively associated with PWB. Significant relationships were found between attachment orientations and different Big Five personality traits, particularly neuroticism. Self-esteem also showed strong links with attachment orientations. Dominance analyses demonstrated that certain personality traits—neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and self-esteem—had a greater relative importance than attachment orientations for different PWB dimensions. The greatest contribution of attachment was to positive relations with others. The results of mediation analyses showed direct effects of attachment orientations on PWB dimensions, as well as indirect effects through personality characteristics. Self-esteem was an important mediator in all relationships between attachment and PWB. These findings could have significant practical implications in promoting well-being.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-76.
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Azen, R., & Budescu, D. V. (2003). The dominance analysis approach for comparing predictors in multiple regression. Psychological Methods, 8, 129.148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.2.129.
Bakker, W., van Oudenhoven, J. P., & van der Zee, K. I. (2004). Attachment styles, personality, and Dutch emigrants’ intercultural adjustment. European Journal of Personality, 18, 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.515.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226.
Bhullar, N., Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2013). The nature of well-being: The roles of Hedonic and Eudaimonic processes and trait emotional intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 147, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.667016.
Both, L. E., & Best, L. A. (2017). A comparison of two attachment measures in relation to personality factors and facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.040.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation: Anxiety, and anger (Vol. 19). New York: Basic Books.
Burns, R. A., & Machin, M. A. (2009). Investigating the structural validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales across two samples. Social Indicators Research, 93, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9329-1.
Caldwell, J. G., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Exploring the cognitive-emotional pathways between adult attachment and ego-resiliency. Individual Differences Research, 10, 141–152.
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510.
Carr, S., Colthurst, K., Coyle, M., & Elliott, D. (2013). Attachment dimensions as predictors of mental health and psychosocial well-being in the transition to university. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28, 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0106-9.
Castellani, V., Perinelli, E., Gerbino, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2016). Positive orientation and interpersonal styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.048.
Chen, F. F., Jing, Y., Hayes, A., & Lee, J. M. (2013). Two concepts or two approaches? A bifactor analysis of psychological and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1033–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9367-x.
Chen, W., Zhang, D., Pan, Y., Hu, T., Liu, G., & Luo, S. (2017). Perceived social support and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between parental attachment and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.009.
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: Evidence from experimental and observational studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.363.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models and relationships quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644–663. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.4.644.
Cordero, A., Pamos, A., & Seisdedos, N. (1999). Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado (NEO PI-R) e Inventario NEO Reducido de Cinco Factores (NEO-FFI). Manual profesional. Madrid: TEA Ediciones, S.A.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Dagnino, P., Pérez, C., Gómez, A., Gloger, S., & Krause, M. (2017). Depression and attachment: How do personality styles and social support influence this relation? Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 20, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2017.237.
Davila, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2001). Attachment insecurity and the distinction between unhappy spouses who do and do not divorce. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 371–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.371.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.2.276.
Domingue, R., & Mollen, D. (2009). Attachment and conflict communication in adult romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 678–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509347932.
Donnellan, M. B., Burt, S. A., Levendosky, A. A., & Klump, K. L. (2008). Genes, personality, and attachment in adults: A multivariate behavioral genetic analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309199.
Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). III. Categories or dimensions? A taxometric analysis of the adult attachment interview. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12112.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77–114). New York: Guilford Press.
Fransson, M., Granqvist, P., Bohlin, G., & Hagekull, B. (2013). Interlinkages between attachment and the Five-Factor Model of personality in middle childhood and young adulthood: A longitudinal approach. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.754985.
Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult attachment, love styles, relationship experiences and subjective well-being: Cross-cultural and gender comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119, 823–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0512-7.
Gleeson, G., & Fitzgerald, A. (2014). Exploring the association between adult attachment styles in romantic relationships, perceptions of parents from childhood and relationship satisfaction. Health, 6, 1643–1661. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.613196.
Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Early temperament and attachment as predictors of the Five Factor Model of personality. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461673031000078643.
Hainlen, R. L., Jankowski, P. J., Paine, D. R., & Sandage, S. J. (2016). Adult attachment and well-being: Dimensions of differentiation of self as mediators. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9359-1.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1.
Heinonen, K., Raikkonen, K., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., & Strandberg, T. (2004). Adult attachment dimensions and recollections of childhood family context: Associations with dispositional optimism and pessimism. European Journal of Personality, 18, 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.508.
Hepper, E. G., & Carnelley, K. B. (2012). The self-esteem roller coaster: Adult attachment moderates the impact of daily feedback. Personal Relationships, 19, 504–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01375.x.
Hernández, J. A. (2016). ULLRToolbox. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/ullrtoolbox/.
Homan, K. J. (2014). Symbolic attachment security and eudemonic well-being in older adults. Journal of Adult Development, 21, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-013-9182-6.
Homan, K. J. (2016). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. Aging & Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1254597.
Huntsinger, E. T., & Luecken, L. J. (2004). Attachment relationships and health behavior: The mediational role of self-esteem. Psychology & Health, 19, 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196728.
Karreman, A., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2012). Attachment and well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.014.
Kerr, S. L., Melley, A. M., Travea, L., & Pole, M. (2003). The relationship of emotional expression and experience to adult attachment style. Individual Differences Research, 1, 108–123. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Kerr2/publication/283515895_The_relationship_of_emotional_expression_and_experience_to_adult_attachment_style/links/563cf72c08aec6f17dd7e5d7/The-relationship-of-emotional-expression-and-experience-to-adult-attachment-style.pdf.
Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007.
Khaleque, A., Shirin, A., & Uddin, M. K. (2013). Attachment relationships and psychological adjustment of married adults. Social Indicators Research, 110, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9926-2.
Kobak, R. (1994). Adult attachment: A personality or relationship construct? Psychological Inquiry, 51, 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_7.
Konrath, S. H., Chopik, W. J., Hsing, C. K., & O’Brien, E. (2014). Changes in adult attachment styles in American college students over time: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530516.
La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.3367.
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about the age and gender differences. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.775639.
Lindeman, R. H., Merenda, P. F., & Gold, R. Z. (1980). Introduction to Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Osborne, G., & Hurling, R. (2009). Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 878–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.010.
López, F. G., Ramos, K., Nisenbaum, M., Thind, N., & Ortiz-Rodriguez, T. (2015). Predicting the presence and search for life meaning: Test of an attachment theory-driven model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9498-8.
Luke, M. A., Maio, G. R., & Camelley, K. B. (2004). Attachment models of the self and others: Relations with self-esteem, humanity-esteem, and parental treatment. Personal Relationships, 2, 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00083.x.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827.
Mallinckrodt, B., & Wei, M. (2005). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.358.
Marrero, R. J., & Carballeira, M. (2012). The contribution of personality to psychological well-being: An exploratory study. In B. S. Nguyem (Ed.), Psychology of satisfaction (pp. 41–65). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Marrero, R. J., Rey, M., & Hernández-Cabrera, J. A. (2016). Can Big Five facets distinguish between Hedonic and Eudaimonic well-being? A dominance analysis. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.95.
McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (2002). The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H. L., Wright, C., Browning, B. R., Upton, A. W., & Sevig, T. D. (2015). Adult Attachment dimensions and college student distress: The mediating role of hope Ψ. The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 822–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015575394.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: The Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2009). An attachment and behavioral systems perspective on social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105518.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Attachment orientations and meaning in life. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life (pp. 287–304). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2017). Augmenting the sense of attachment security in group contexts: The effects of a responsive leader and a cohesive group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 67, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2016.1260462.
Milyavskaya, M., & Lydon, J. E. (2013). Strong but insecure: Examining the prevalence and correlates of insecure attachment bonds with attachment figures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512461200.
Molero, F., Shaver, P., Fernández, I., & Recio, P. (2017). Attachment insecurities, life satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction from a dyadic perspective: The role of positive and negative affect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2276.
Moore, S., & Leung, C. (2002). Young people’s romantic attachment styles and their associations with well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0464.
Moreira, J. M., de Fatima Silva, M., Moleiro, C., Aguiar, P., Adrez, M., Bernardes, S., & Afonso, H. (2003). Perceived social support as an offshoot of attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00085-5.
Morrison, T. L., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Urquiza, A. J. (1997). Attachment and the representation of intimate relationships in adulthood. The Journal of Psychology, 131, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603504.
Nathans, L. L., Oswald, F. L., & Nimon, K. (2012). Interpreting multiple linear regression: A guidebook of variable importance. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17, 2–19. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/71096.
Noftle, E. E., & Shaver, P. R. (2006). Attachment dimensions and the big five personality traits: Associations and comparative ability to predict relationship quality. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 179–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.11.003.
Öztürk, A., & Mutlu, T. (2010). The relationship between attachment style, subjective well-being, happiness and social anxiety among university students’. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1772–1776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.398.
Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Mickelson, K. D. (2004). Attachment styles and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264000.
Perrone, M. K., & Wright, L. S. (2010). An examination of the role of attachment and efficacy in life satisfaction. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 796–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000009359204.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
Reiner, I., & Spangler, G. (2013). Representations of early attachment experiences and personality in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 20, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-013-9154-x.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more Version 0.5-12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36. Retrieved from http://users.ugent.be/~yrosseel/lavaan/lavaanIntroduction.pdf.
Ryff, C., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69, 719–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.57.6.1069.
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in science and practice. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A Eudaimonic approach to PWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Shearin, E. N., & Pierce, G. R. (1987). A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587044007.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from Neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063.
Segal, N., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Broadening the investment model: An intensive longitudinal study on attachment and perceived partner responsiveness in commitment dynamics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515584493.
Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410.
Shaver, P. R., & Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the” Big Five” personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292185003.
Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833.
Shorey, H. S., Snyder, C. R., Yang, X., & Lewin, M. R. (2003). The role of hope as mediator in recollected parenting, adult attachment, and mental health. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 685–715. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.6.685.22938.
Sirois, F. M., Millings, A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016). Insecure attachment orientation and well-being in emerging adults: The roles of perceived social support and fatigue. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 318–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.026.
Slade, A. (2008). The implications of attachment theory and research for adult psychotherapy: Research and clinical perspectives. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (Vol. 19, pp. 762–782). New York: Guilford Press.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138.
Surcinelli, P., Rossi, N., Montebarocci, O., & Baldaro, B. (2010). Adult attachment styles and psychological disease: Examining the mediating role of personality traits. The Journal of Psychology, 144, 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.508082.
Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2014). Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.886791.
Torquati, J. C., & Raffaelli, M. (2004). Daily experiences of emotions and social contexts of securely and insecurely attached young adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 740–758. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260023.
Turiano, N. A., Pitzer, L., Armour, C., Karlamangla, A., Ryff, C. D., & Mroczek, D. K. (2012). Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: Findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS). The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr072.
van Dierendonck, D., Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., & Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2008). Ryff’s six-factor model of psychological well-being, a Spanish exploration. Social Indicators Research, 87, 473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9174-7.
Vogel, D. L., & Wei, M. (2005). Adult attachment and help-seeking intent: The mediating roles of psychological distress and perceived social support. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.347.
Wallace, J. L., & Vaux, A. (1993). Social support network orientation: The role of adult attachment style. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1993.12.3.354.
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Young, S. K. (2006). Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and future depression: A prospective analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.67.
Young, E. S., Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Huelsnitz, C. O., & Fleck, C. (2017). Childhood attachment and adult personality: A life history perspective. Self and Identity. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1353540.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marrero-Quevedo, R.J., Blanco-Hernández, P.J. & Hernández-Cabrera, J.A. Adult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Personality. J Adult Dev 26, 41–56 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9297-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9297-x