Abstract
Research on the marketing practices of religiously affiliated post-secondary education (PSE) organizations is scarce, and generally geared towards assessing their “fidelity” to their religious roots. Through this study, we seek to examine the promotional strategies employed by 194 Catholic universities and colleges (CUCs) in the USA. Using a mixed-methodological form of content analysis, we examine the textual and graphic content of their institutional home webpages. We find that CUCs promise prospective students holistic self-actualization through (i) personalized attention within the classroom and (ii) a wholesome social environment. These efforts are found to render CUCs a “boutique” alternative to mainstream PSE institutions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This included the likes of Notre Dame, Loyola, and Villanova University.
References
Abelman, R., & Dalessandro, A. (2008). An assessment of the institutional vision of Catholic colleges and universities. Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice, 12(2), 221–254.
Armstrong, E., & Hamilton, L. T. (2013). Paying for the party. Paying for the party: how college maintains inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Baruch, Y. (2006). On logos, business cards: the case of UK universities. In A. Rafaeli & M. Pratt (Eds.), Artifacts and organizations: beyond mere symbolism (pp. 181–198). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bennett, D., Lucchesi, A., & Vedder, R. (2010). For-profit higher education: growth, innovation and regulation Center for College Affordability and Productivity. (July). Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED536282.
Blau, P. (1960). A theory of social integration. American Journal of Sociology, 65(6), 545–556.
Bolan, L. C., & Robinson, D. J. (2013). "" Part of the University Lexicon": Marketing and Ontario Universities, 1990-2013.". Canadian Journal of Communication, 38(4), 563.
Brint, S., & Karabel, J. (1991). The diverted dream: community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America, 1900–1985. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clayton, M. J., Cavanagh, K. V., & Hettche, M. (2012). Institutional branding: a content analysis of public service announcements from American universities. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 22(2), 182–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2012.737869.
Coburn, C. E. (2004). Beyond decoupling: Rethinking the relationship between the institutional environment and the classroom. Sociology of Education, 77(3), 211–244.
Coburn, C. E. (2005). The role of nonsystem actors in the relationship between policy and practice: The case of reading instruction in California. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27(1), 23–52.
Creswell, J., & Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed-methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Davidson, C. (2015). The university corporatization shift: a longitudinal analysis of university admission handbooks, 1980 to 2010. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 45(2), 193–213.
Davies, S., & Pizarro Milian, R. (2016). Maintaining status in times of change: the interplay of institutional forces and stratification among Anglo-American universities. In J. E. Côté & A. Furlong (Eds.), The handbook of sociology of higher education. New York: Routledge.
Davies, S., & Quirke, L. (2007). The impact of sector on school organizations: institutional and market logics. Sociology of Education, 80(1), 66–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070708000104.
Deephouse, D. L. (1999). To be different, or the same? It's a question (and theory) of strategic balace. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 147–166.
Drew, C. (2013). Elitism for sale: promoting the elite school online in the competitive educational marketplace. Australian Journal of Education, 57(2), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944113485838.
Drori, G. S., Delmestri, G., & Oberg, A. (2016). The iconography of universities as institutional narratives. Higher Education, 71(2), 163–180.
Estanek, S. M., James, M. J., & Norton, D. A. (2013). Assessing Catholic identity: a study of mission statements of Catholic colleges and universities. Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice, 10(2), 199–217.
Eysenbach, G., & Köhler, C. (2002). How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. British Medical Journal, 324(7337), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7337.573.
Firmin, M. W., & Gilson, K. M. (2009). Mission statement analysis of CCCU member institutions. Christian Higher Education, 9(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363750903181922.
Fischman, G. E. (2001). Reflections about images, visual culture, and educational research. Educational Researcher, 30(8), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030008028.
Gambescia, S., & Paolucci, R. (2011). Nature and extent of Catholic identity communicated through official websites of US Catholic colleges and universities. Journal of Catholic Education, 15(1), 3–27.
Gordon, J., & Berhow, S. (2009). University websites and dialogic features for building relationships with potential students. Public Relations Review, 35, 150–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.11.003.
Han, S. K. (1994). Mimetic isomorphism and its effects on the audit services market. Social Forces, 73, 637–664.
Harris, M. S. (2009). Message in a bottle: university advertising during bowl games. Innovative Higher Education, 33(5), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-008-9085-9.
Hartley, M., & Morphew, C. (2008). What’s being sold and to what end?: a content analysis of college viewbooks. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0025.
Hemsley-Brown, J., & Oplatka, I. (2006). Universities in a competitive global marketplace: a systematic review of the literature on higher education marketing. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19(4), 316–338. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550610669176.
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Iloh, C. (2014). A critical comparison of website marketing at for-profit colleges and community college. National Association of Student Affairs Professionals Journal, 15(2), 91–106.
Ivy, J. (2001). Higher education institution image: a correspondence analysis approach. The International Journal of Educational Management, 15, 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540110401484.
James, H., & Huisman, J. (2009). Missions statements in Wales: the impact of markets and policy on congruence between institutions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 31(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600800802559229.
Jansen, B. J., Sprink, A., & Saracevic, T. (2000). Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web. Information Processing and Management, 36, 207–227.
Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods : triangulation in action mixing qualitative and quantitative methods : triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392366.
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014.
Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1086/208674.
Kirp, D. (2009). Shakespeare, Einstein, and the bottom line: the marketing of higher education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology (Third ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2.
Kuenssberg, S. (2011). The discourse of self-presentation in Scottish university mission statements. Quality in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2011.625205.
Labaree, D. (2017). A perfect mess: the unlikely ascendancy of American higher education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Leblebici, H., Salancik, G. R., Copay, A., & King, T. (1991). institutional change and the transformation of interorganizational fields: An organizational history of the U.S. radio broadcasting industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 333–363.
Lievens, F., & Slaughter, J. E. (2016). Employer image and employer branding: what we know and what we need to know. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 407–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062501.
McLendon, M., Hearn, J. C., & Mokher, C. G. (2009). Partisans, professionals, and power: The role of political factors in state higher education funding. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(6), 686–713. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0075.
Menzel, H. (1960). Innovation, integration, and marginality: A survey of physicians. American Sociological Review, 25, 704–713.
Metcalfe, A. (2010). Revisiting academic capitalism in Canada: no longer the exception. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(4), 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0098.
Metcalfe, A. (2012). Imag (in) ing the university: visual sociology and higher education. The Review of Higher Education, 35(4), 517–534.
Metcalfe, A. (2015). Visual methods in higher education. In F. Stage & K. Manning (Eds.), Research in the college context: approaches and methods (2nd ed., pp. 111–127). New York: Routledge.
Metcalfe, A. S. (2016). Educational research and the sight of inquiry: Visual methodologies before visual methods. Research in Education, 96(1), 78–86.
Meyer, R. E., Höllerer, M. A., Jancsary, D., & van Leeuwen, T. (2013). The visual dimension in organizing, organization, and organization research: core ideas, current developments, and promising avenues. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 489–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.781867.
Mixon, S. L., Lyon, L., & Beaty, M. D. (2004). Secularization and national universities: the effect of religious identity on academic reputation. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(4), 400–419. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2004.0023.
Morey, M. M., & Piderit, J. J. (2006). Catholic higher education: a culture in crisis. Catholic higher education: a culture in crisis. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/0195305515.001.0001.
Ness, E. C., & Tandberg, D. A. (2013). The determinants of state spending on higher education: how capital project funding differs from general fund appropriations. The Journal of Higher Education, 84(3), 329–362. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2013.0016.
Newman, K. S., Fox, C., Harding, D., Mehta, J., & Roth, W. (2004). Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings. New York: Basic Books.
Newson, J., & Polster, C. (2009). Reclaiming our centre: toward a robust defence of academic autonomy. In A. Chan & D. Fisher (Eds.), The exchange university: corporatization fo academic culture (pp. 125–147). Vancouver: UBC Press.
Newson, J., Polster, C., & Woodhouse, H. (2012). Toward an alternative future for Canada’s corporatized universities. ESC: English Studies in Canada, 38(1), 51–70.
Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179.
Oplatka, I. (2002). Implicit contradictions in public messages of “low-stratified” HE institutions: The case of Israeli teacher training colleges. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(5), 248-256..
Opoku, R. A., Caruana, A., Pitt, L., Berthon, P., Wahlstrom, A., & Nel, D. (2009). Online communication of brand personality: a study of MBA programs of top business schools. Journal of General Management, 35(3), 47–64.
Ornstein, S. (1986). Organizational symbols: a study of their meanings and influences on perceived psychological climate. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(86)90017-8.
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Depedence Perspective. Stanford University Press: Harper & Row.
Phillips, D. J., & Zuckerman, E. (2001). Middle-status conformity: Theoretical restatement and empirical demonstration in two markets. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 379–429.
Phillips, D. J., Turco, C. J., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2013). Betrayal as market boundary: Identity-based limits to diversification among high-status corporate law firms. American Journal of Sociology, 118, 1–32.
Pizarro Milian, R. (2016). Modern campuses, local connections and unconventional symbols: promotional practises in the Canadian community college sector. Tertiary Education & Management, 22(3), 218–230.
Pizarro Milian, R. (2017a). Forging appealing identities in complex environments: a case study of American law schools. Tertiary Education and Management, 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2017.1359850.
Pizarro Milian, R. (2017b). What’s for sale at Canadian universities? A mixed-methods analysis of promotional strategies. Higher Education Quarterly, 71(1), 53–74.
Pizarro Milian, R. (forthcoming). Legitimacy at the margins: promotional strategies in the Canadian for-profit sector. Canadian Journal of Higher Education.
Pizarro Milian, R., & Davidson, C. (2016). Symbolic resources and marketing strategies in Ontario higher education: a comparative analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2016.1206859.
Pizarro Milian, R., & Gurrisi. (2017). The online promotion of entrepreneurship education: a view from Canada. Education + Training, 59(9), 990–1006. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2016-0183.
Pizarro Milian, R., & McLaughlin, N. (2017). Canadian sociology for sale? Academic branding in a neo-liberal age. The American Sociologist, 48(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-016-9318-9.
Pizarro Milian, R., & Quirke, L. (2017a). Alternative pathways to legitimacy: promotional practices in the Ontario for-profit college sector. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 27(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2016.1212450.
Pizarro Milian, R., & Quirke, L. (2017b). Crafting legitimate identities: promotional strategies in the Ontario non-elite private school sector. Educational Studies, 53(4), 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2017.1332628.
Powell, W. W., & Colyvas, J. (2008). Microfoundations of institutional theory. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, & K. Shahlin-Anderson (Eds.), The sage handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 276–298). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Powell, W. W., Horvath, A., & Brandtner, C. (2016). Click and mortar: Organizations on the web. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 101–120.
Puddephatt, A., & Nelsen, R. W. (2010). The promise of a sociology degree in Canadian higher education. Canadian Review of Sociology, 47(4), 405–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2010.01245.x.
Quirke, L. (2013). Rogue resistance: sidestepping isomorphic pressures in a patchy institutional field. Organization Studies, 34(11), 1675–1699. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840613483815.
Quirke, L., & Davies, S. (2002). The new entrepreneurship in higher education : the impact of tuition increases at an Ontario University. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 32(3), 85–109.
Saichaie, K., & Morphew, C. C. (2014). What college and university websites reveal about the purposes of higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 85(4), 499–530. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2014.0024.
Savior, R. D., & Cooper, B. S. (2015). Lessons in university leadership: Reports from religious and secular university presidents. Journal of Higher Education Management, 30(1), 102–109.
Schneider, R. L. (2005). Marketing medical education: An examination of recruitment web sites for traditional and combined-degree M.D. programs. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 2, 19–36.
Sherer, P., & Lee, K. (2002). Institutional change in large law firms: A resource dependency and institutional perspective. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 102–119.
Slaughter, S., & Leslie, L. (1997). Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Slaughter, S., & Rhoades, G. (2004). Academic capitalism and the new economy: markets, state, and higher education. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
Stevens, M. L. (2015). The changing ecology of U.S. higher education. In M. Kirst & M. L. Stevens (Eds.), Remaking college: the changing ecology of higher education (pp. 1–18). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sullins, P. (2004). The difference Catholic makes: Catholic faculty and Catholic identity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(1), 83–101.
Tandberg, D. A. (2010). Politics, interest groups and state funding of public higher education. Research in Higher Education, 51(5), 416–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-010-9164-5.
Thelin, J. (2011). A history of American higher education. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
Tobolowsky, B. F., & Lowery, J. W. (2014). Selling college: a longitudinal study of American college football bowl game public service announcements. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education2, 24(1), 75–98.
Tolbert, D. (2014). An exploration of the use of branding to shape institutional image in the marketing activities of faith-based higher education institutions. Christian Higher EducationT, 13(4), 233–249.
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048.
Weick, K. E. (1995). The nature of sensemaking. Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd..
Wiley, D., & Hilton, J. (2009). Openness, dynamic specialization, and the disaggregated future of higher education. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(5 SPL.ISS.).
Winter, S. J., Saunders, C., & Hart, P. (2003). Electronic window dressing: Impression management with websites. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(4), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.
Woodrow, J. (2004). Institutional image: secular and marketing influences on Christian higher education. Christian Higher Education2, 3(2), 115–125.
Zhao, E. Y., Fisher, G., Lounsbury, M., & Miller, D. (2017). Optimal distinctiveness: Broadening the interface between institutional theory and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 38(1), 93–113.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Milian, R.P., Rizk, J. Marketing Catholic higher education: holistic self-actualization, personalized learning, and wholesome goodness. High Educ 76, 51–66 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0193-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0193-2