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Integrated Geophysical and Geomorphological Studies of Caves in Calcarenite Limestones (Jaskinia pod Świecami Cave, Poland)

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Abstract

The occurrence of subsurface karst caves can cause the development of superficial depressions which, in turn, may pose a construction hazard. Identifying such a substratum requires integrated non-invasive measurement methods. The main objective of the study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the non-invasive ERT, TLS, and GPR survey techniques in identifying the karst floor and determining the direction of discontinuities around the cave. The paper analyzes the limitations of the methods used in the study of heterogeneous media. These limitations are related to the methodology and measurement conditions, data processing, and interpretation in the context of the resolution and depth range. The study was conducted using the example of the Jaskinia pod Świecami cave, formed in the Sarmatianal calcarenites in Poland. The research confirmed its complex karst-anthropogenic genesis. The cave was formed as a result of the infiltration of rainwater and the dissolution of limestone by groundwater, while the paleokarst forms that are characteristic of it and of the surrounding caves and occur in their vicinity, i.e., narrow ridges called "karst candles", were formed as a result of water circulation during the local permafrost degradation in the middle Pleistocene. However, these forms were modified in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene, as indicated by ERT images.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank their colleagues Ewelina Mazurkiewicz, Mikołaj Łyskowski, Andrzej Staszczak from AGH University of Science and Technology, and Artur Zieliński from Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, for their help during the field measurements.

Funding

The research was financed under statutory activity DS/2020-Ś1 and DS/2023-Ś1 from the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, and under statutory funds of the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, PK Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 St., 31-155, Kraków, Poland

    Bernadetta Pasierb

  2. Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, al. Krasnicka 2D, 20-718, Lublin, Poland

    Grzegorz Gajek

  3. Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland

    Jan Urban

  4. KPG Non-Destructive Testing Department, Pod Strzecha 19 St., 31-352, Kraków, Poland

    Wiesław Nawrocki

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  1. Bernadetta Pasierb
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  2. Grzegorz Gajek
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Correspondence to Bernadetta Pasierb.

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Pasierb, B., Gajek, G., Urban, J. et al. Integrated Geophysical and Geomorphological Studies of Caves in Calcarenite Limestones (Jaskinia pod Świecami Cave, Poland). Surv Geophys (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09821-9

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