Abstract
A review of the resilience measurement indicators as a useful tool is a necessity for supporting urban decision making. The main objective of this research is to identify the priorities of resilience criteria to investigate the validity of the urban resilience questionnaire. The four main social, economic, physical, environmental, and institutional resilience indicators were examined by 52 faculty members and experts in urban planning, crisis management, social sciences, urban management, and architecture as a sample population. Then, using exploratory factor analysis by statistical package for social science (SPSS) software, three hidden factors were identified for social and institutional resilience, while four hidden factors were identified for economic and physical–environmental resilience. Finally, after preparing a questionnaire for the region, to evaluate each hidden factor, the use of the method of the mean sum of distances from the optimal resilience limit has been proposed to evaluate the effect of hidden factors. The results show that the distance of the resilience dimensions is close to 1; the city has a good resilience index. As distance close to 0, the city in Ann index has a critical situation and should be necessary measures to increase the resilience of the index. Using this pattern and identifying the criteria distance to optimal extent and measuring the influence of each city, the future cities can be used.
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Appendix: Questionnaire designed for identifying the urban resilience dimension
Appendix: Questionnaire designed for identifying the urban resilience dimension
Dimensions of resilience | Row | Questions | Options | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very low (1) | Low (2) | Medium (3) | High (4) | Very much (5) | |||
Social | q1 | Creating a coherent and integrated structure of community, personal and family support, and a suitable neighborhood | |||||
q2 | The overall social cohesion of the city, lack of fragility and disintegration | ||||||
q3 | Access of all citizens to safe drinking water | ||||||
q4 | Possibility of healthy and adequate nutrition for all townspeople | ||||||
q5 | Providing safe housing facilities for all citizens (personal or rental) | ||||||
q6 | All citizens have access to affordable electricity and gas | ||||||
q7 | Careful monitoring of public health and public health (e.g., vaccination or screening) | ||||||
q8 | All citizens have access to all public health care | ||||||
q9 | Emergency medical and emergency response services | ||||||
q10 | Creating a sense of belonging and dependence on the city among people | ||||||
q11 | Active presence of citizens in city issues | ||||||
Economic | q12 | Establishing financial support mechanisms in risky conditions for urban businesses | |||||
q13 | Equipping the city with powerful crime detection mechanisms | ||||||
q14 | Establishing transparent and fair institutions to fight corruption in the city | ||||||
q15 | Creating strong and flexible foundations of the economy in the city | ||||||
q16 | Attracting social potential, diversified capital, and economic brand of the city | ||||||
q17 | Establishing a strong relationship between the city’s economy and other economic (national or global) flows | ||||||
q18 | Creating a reliable two-way business flow between the private and public sectors | ||||||
q19 | Job-Welfare support for low-income people in the city | ||||||
q20 | Creating opportunities for people based on their education and skills | ||||||
q21 | The expansion of the growth and development of urban businesses | ||||||
q22 | Promoting justice and solution for civil disputes in an effective, affordable, impartial, and accessible mechanism | ||||||
q23 | Establishing security and peace in the city by proper and effective police actions | ||||||
q24 | Assistance to businesses through various support services (non-financial and livelihoods) | ||||||
q25 | Storing enough financial capital for the city and its proper management | ||||||
Physical–environmental | q26 | Establishing effective mechanisms for the protection of natural resources and the environment | |||||
q27 | Implementation of appropriate building codes and standards | ||||||
q28 | Study of the effects of nature after the occurrence of a crisis (such as earthquake floods) | ||||||
q29 | Having vital arteries (water, electricity, gas) is good for protecting people from natural disasters | ||||||
q30 | Preparing a comprehensive map of the city’s high-risk areas | ||||||
q31 | Having an arterial transportation network (inside and outside the city) | ||||||
q32 | Management in the traffic flow and maintenance of the arterial network of the city | ||||||
q33 | Establishing telecommunication and Internet security | ||||||
q34 | Permanent control and maintenance of logistics and crisis management skills | ||||||
q35 | Establishing an appropriate and comprehensive telecommunication and networking system in the city | ||||||
q36 | Enhancing the capacity of the city’s infrastructure with proper management | ||||||
q37 | Creating diverse infrastructures for critical situations | ||||||
q38 | Permanent control and maintenance of the infrastructure and vital arteries of the city | ||||||
Institutional | q39 | Clarification of urban management decision-making mechanism | |||||
q40 | High-quality and affordable education for all people in the city | ||||||
q41 | Awareness and general preparedness for exposure to danger | ||||||
q42 | Creating efficient, transparent, and fast mechanisms for linking urban management and citizens | ||||||
q43 | Creating a constructive and extensive relationship between people involved in urban management | ||||||
q44 | Establishing a great and effective management relationship between city and state administration as well as other public sectors | ||||||
q45 | Controlling systems for monitoring the risks and possible crises in urban management | ||||||
q46 | Reviewing urban planning and management policies and strategies | ||||||
q47 | Analysis of the monitoring system and the systematic collection of important urban data | ||||||
q48 | Having the necessary management skills in the event of a crisis | ||||||
q49 | Appropriate arrangement of land use in the city | ||||||
q50 | Adapting detailed designs to comprehensive urban plans | ||||||
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Ghouchani, M., Taji, M., Yaghoubi Roshan, A. et al. Identification and assessment of hidden capacities of urban resilience. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 3966–3993 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00752-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00752-8