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Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current insights and future outlook

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Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is characterised by its remarkable geographical and ethnic distribution. The interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections is indicated in the development of NPC. Exposure to tobacco smoking, dietary factors, and inhalants has been associated with the risk of NPC. Genetic association studies have revealed NPC-associated susceptibility loci, including genes involved in immune responses, xenobiotic metabolism, genome maintenance, and cell cycle regulation. EBV exposure timing and strain variation might play a role in its carcinogenicity, although further investigations are required. Other factors including medical history and oral hygiene have been implicated in NPC. Prevention strategies, including primary prevention and secondary prevention through early detection, are vital in reducing mortality and morbidity of NPC. The current review discusses the global and regional distribution of NPC incidences, the risk factors associated with NPC, and the public health implications of these insights. Future investigations should consider international, large-scale prospective studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis and develop individualized interventions for NPC.

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Funding

The work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FGRS/1/2020/SKK0/UCSI/02/2) and UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant (REIG-FMS-2020/009).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, 71010 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

    Zhi Yi Su, Pui Yan Siak & Shiau-Chuen Cheah

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar

    Yu Yu Lwin

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  1. Zhi Yi Su
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  2. Pui Yan Siak
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  3. Yu Yu Lwin
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  4. Shiau-Chuen Cheah
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ZYS, PYS, and S-CC were involved in the conceptualization and design of the content. ZYS wrote and revised the manuscript. PYS, YYL, and S-CC reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shiau-Chuen Cheah.

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Su, Z.Y., Siak, P.Y., Lwin, Y.Y. et al. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current insights and future outlook. Cancer Metastasis Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-024-10176-9

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