Abstract
We studied the ability of the parasitoid species Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate populations of the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae) in grain residues. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and storage-like conditions. Generally both parasitoid species were able to find hosts up to 10 m from the release spot. Under laboratory conditions with excluded air movement and a centered light source, host finding was largely random, declining with increasing distance of baits from the release spot. Under storage-like conditions, host finding was strongly reduced and was not influenced by distance. A. calandrae seems to have been influenced by positive phototaxis. L. distinguendus showed a weaker host-finding success than A. calandrae, which was increased by a higher number of wasps from 10–50 per release. This resulted in a 5-fold higher number of parasitizations. It is discussed that host finding of residual pest populations by L. distinguendus and A. calandrae in empty storages is difficult to predict and influenced by light and air conditions. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for the release of parasitoids against residual pest populations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen KT (1938) Der Kornkäfer (Calandra granaria L.) Biologie und Bekämpfung. Paul Parey, Berlin
Arthur FH, Campbell JF, Towes M (2014) Distribution, abundance, and seasonal patterns of stored product beetles in a commercial food storage facility. J Stored Prod Res 56:21–32
Arthur FH, Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, Reed CR, Phillips TW (2006) Stored-product insect activity outside of grain masses in commercial grain elevators in the midwestern United States. J Stored Prod Res 42:226–239
Baur H, Kranz-Baltensperger Y, Cruaud A, Rasplus JY, Timokhov AV, Gokhman VE (2014) Morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of Anisopteromalus Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)—an integrative approach. Syst Entomol 39:691–709
Bigler F (1994) Quality control in Trichogramma production. In: Wajnberg E, Hassan SA (eds) Biological control with egg parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 93–111
Bossert WH, Wilson EO (1963) The analysis of olfactory communication among animals. J Theor Biol 5:443–469
Brower JH, Press JW (1992) Suppression of residual populations of stored-product pests in empty corn bins by releasing the predator Xyclocoris flavipes (Reuter). Biol Control 2:66–72
Byers JA (2008) Active space of pheromone plume and its relationship to effective attraction radius in applied models. J Chem Ecol 34:1124–1145
Cortesero AM, Monge JP, Huignard J (1997) Dispersal and parasitizing abilities of Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) within a column of cowpea seeds. Environ Entomol 26:1025–1030
Cox PD, Wakefield ME, Jacob TA (2007) The effects of temperature on flight initiation in a range of moths, beetles and parasitoids associated with stored products. J Stored Prod Res 43:111–117
Dowdy AK, McGaughey WH (1996) Stored-product insect activity outside of grain masses in commercial grain elevators in the Midwestern United States. J Stored Prod Res 34:129–140
Elkinton JS, Cardé RT (1984) Odor dispersion. In: Bell WJ, Cardé RT (eds) Chemical ecology of insects. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 73–91
Faustini D, Morris P (2006) Integrated pest management strategies for the food industry. In: Heaps JW (ed) Insect management for food storage and processing. AACC International, Minnesota, pp 7–10
Flinn P, Hagstrum DW, Phillips TW (2010) Insect population dynamics in commercial grain elevators. J Stored Prod Res 46:43–47
Ghimere MN, Philipps TW (2007) Suitability of five species of stored-product insects as hosts for development and reproduction of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Econ Entomol 100:1732–1739
Godfray HCJ (1994) Parasitoids—behavioral an evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, Howard RW (1996) Ecology. In: Subramanyam B, Hagstrum DW (eds) Integrated management of insects in stored products. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 71–134
König K, Krimmer E, Brose S, Gantert C, Buschlüter I, König C, Klopfstein S, Wendt I, Baur H, Krogmann L, Steidle JLM (2015) Does early learning drive ecological divergence during speciation processes in parasitoid wasps? Proc R Soc B 282:20141850. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1850
Lazzari FN, Lazzari FA, Lazzari SMN, Ceruti FC (2010) Spatial distribution of stored grain insects in a rice storage and processing facility in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 10th international working conference on stored product protection, Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 425, pp 969–976
Lucas É, Riudavets J (2002) Biological control of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice. J Stored Prod Res 38:293–304
Mankin RW, Vick KW, Mayer MS, Coffelt JA, Callahan PS (1980) Models for dispersal of vapors in open and confined spaces. J Chem Ecol 6:929–950
Meyhöfer R, Casas J, Dorn S (1997) Vibration-mediated interactions in a host-parasitoit system. P Roy Soc Lond B Biol 264(1379):261–266
Millais M (2005) Building structures: from concepts to design. Spon Press, London
Nakamura K, Kawasaki K (1977) The active space of the Spodotera litura (F.) sex pheromone and the pheromone component determining this space. Appl Entomol Zool 12:162–177
Noldus LPJJ (1989) Semiochemicals, foraging behavior and quality of entomophagus insects for biological control. J Appl Entpmol 108:425–451
Press JW (1988) Movement of a weevil parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), within a column of wheat in relation to host location. J Agric Entomol 5:205–208
Press JW, Cline LD, Flaherty BR (1984) Suppression of residual populations of the rice weevil. Sitophilus oryzae, by the parasitic wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae. J Georgia Entomol Soc 19:110–113
Quicke DLJ (1997) Parasitic wasps. Chapman & Hall, London
Reppchen A, Schöller M, Prozell S, Adler C, Reichmuth C, Steidle JLM (2003) The granary weevil Sitophilus granarius is suppressed by the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus Förster (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). In: Credland PF, Armitage DM, Bell CH, Cogan PM, Highley E (eds.) Advances in stored product protection. Proceedings of the 8th international working conference on stored product protection. CABI Publishing, Oxon, Cambridge, pp 230–232
Ruther J, Steidle JLM (2000) Mites as matchmakers: Semiochemicals from host-associated mites attract both sexes of the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus. J Chem Ecol 26:1205–1215
Schöller M, Reichmuth C, Hassan SA (1994) Studies on biological control of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) with Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)—host-finding ability in wheat under laboratory conditions. In: Highley E, Wright EJ, Banks HJ, Champ BR (eds) Proceedings of the sixth international working conference on stored-product protection. Canberra, Australia, pp 1142–1146
Smirnov E, Polejaeff WG (1937) On the behavior of Lariophagus distinguendus Förster a parasite of the granary weevil Clandra granaria L. Zoologitschesky Zjurnal 16:999–1012
Steidle JLM, Fischer A, Gantert C (2005) Do grains whisper for help? Evidence for herbivore-induced synomones in wheat grains. Entomol Exp Appl 115:239–245
Steidle JLM, Schöller M (1997) Olfactory host location and learning in the granary weevil parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Insect Behav 10:331–342
Steidle JLM, Schöller M (2002) Fecundity and ability of the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to parasitize larvae of the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in bulk grain. J Stored Prod Res 38:43–53
Steidle JLM, Stepphuhn A, Reinhard J (2001) Volatile cues from different host complexes used for host location by the generalist parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Basic Appl Ecol 2:45–51
Stolk C, Ghimire MN, Souquie S, van der Werf W, van Huis A (2005) Host finding by Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in stored cowpea: the effect of distance, time interval, host patch size and spatial orientation. Bull Entomol Res 95:231–241
van Alebeek FAN, Antwi KK, van Arnold H, van Lenteren JC (2007) Dispersal and functional response of Uscana lariophaga in two different habitats: stored cowpea pods and seeds. Bull Insectology 60:63–70
van den Assem J, Kuenen DJ (1958) Host finding of Choetospila elegans Westwood, a parasite of Sitophilus granarius L. Entomol Exp Appl 1:174–180
Vinson SB (1976) Host selection by insect parasitoids. Annu Rev Entomol 21:109–133
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Rainer Funk, chief of the experimental station of livestock biology and organic farming, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany for providing access to the storage facilities. Furthermore we are grateful to Conny Gantert for her dedication and knowledge about the rearing of insect and to many student assistants for their help. We also thank Joanna Fietz, Franz Langer and Marie Pollmann for their help during the review process. Steffi Niedermayer was financially supported by the Landesgraduiertenförderung Baden-Württemberg.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling Editor: Stefano Colazza.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niedermayer, S., Krogmann, L. & Steidle, J.L.M. Lost in space? Host-finding ability of the parasitoids Lariophagus distinguendus and Anisopteromalus calandrae in empty grain storage facilities to control residual pest populations. BioControl 61, 379–386 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-016-9717-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-016-9717-4